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BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT
AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT
SIXTEENTH YEAR, 1910
MEYDUM
AND
MEMPHIS (III)
BY
W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE
Hon. D.C.L., LL.D., Litt.D., Ph.D.
F.R.S., F.B.A., Hon. F.S.A. (Scot.), A.R.I.B.A.
MEMBER OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY
MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN
MEMBER OF THE ITALIAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY
MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY
MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES
MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
ERNEST MACKAY
AND
GERALD WAINWRIGHT
LONDON
SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER STREET, W.C.
AND
BERNARD QUARITCH
11, GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET, W.
1910
5-7
rRiHteo R
HAZILL, WATSON AND VINEV, LU.,
LONDON AND AYLESBURY.
BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT
AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT
patron :
THE EARL OF CROMER, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I., Etc., Etc.
GENERAL COMMITTEE (* Executive Members)
Lord Avebury
Walter Baily
Henry Balfour
Freiherr von Bissing
Dr. T. G. Bonney
Prof. R. C. Bosanquet
Rt. Hon. James Bryce
Prof. J. B. Bury
*Somers Clarke
Edward Clodd
Prof. Boyd Dawkins
Prof. Sir S. Dill
*MlSS ECKENSTEIN
Dr. Gregory Foster
Dr. J. G. Frazer
Alan Gardiner
*Prof. Ernest Gardner
Prof. Percy Gardner
Rt. Hon. Sir G. T. Goldie
Prof. Gowland
Mrs. J. R. Green
Dr. A. C. Haddon
Jesse Haworth
Dr. A. C. Headlam
♦Sir Robert Hensley (Chairman)
D. G. Hogarth
Sir H. H. Howorth
Baron A. von Hugel
Prof. Macalister
Dr. R. W. Macan
Prof. Mahaffy
•J. G. Milne
Sir C. Scott Moncrieff
Robert Mond
Prof. Montague
Walter Morrison
•Miss M. A. Murray
Prof. P. E. Newberry
F. W. Percival
Dr. Pinches
Dr. G. W. Prothero
Dr. G. Reisner
Sir W. Richmond
Prof. F. W. Ridgeway
Mrs. Strong
Mrs. Tirard
E. Towry Whyte
Treasurer— *H. Sefton-Jones
Honorary Director — Prof. Flinders Petrie
Honorary Secretaries — Mrs. Hilda Petrie and *Dr. J. H. Walker
Bankers — The Anglo-Egyptian Bank.
The need of providing for the training of students is even greater in Egypt than it
is in Greece and Italy ; and the relation of England to Egypt at present makes it the
more suitable that support should be given to a British School in that land. This body is
the only such agency, and is also the basis of the excavations of Prof. Flinders Petrie, who
has had many students associated with his work in past years. The great enterprise of the
excavation of the temples and city of Memphis, which has now been undertaken, promises
the most valuable results. But it will necessarily be far more costly than any other work
in Egypt, and it cannot be suitably carried out without increasing the present income of the
School. Active support is required to ensure the continuance of such work, which depends
entirely on personal contributions, and each subscriber receives the annual volume. The
antiquities not retained by the Egyptian Government are presented to Public Museums, after
the Annual Exhibition, during July, at University College. The accounts are audited by a
Chartered Accountant, and published in the Annual Report. Treasurer: H. Sefton-Jones.
ADDRESS THE HON. SECRETARY,
BRITISH SCHOOL IN EGYPT, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE,
GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.C.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
GENERAL RESULTS AT MEYDUM.
SECT.
PAGE
I. The workers
I
2. The pyramid .
I
3. The approach
2
4. The lower temple .
2
5. Peribolus tombs
2
6. Mastaba 17, opening
3
7. „ interior
3
8. „ interment
4
9. Nefermaat tomb
4
10. Removal of sculptures
4
11. Great western tombs
5
1 2. Far western tombs .
6
13. Tombs north and south
6
CHAPTER II
THE APPROACH TO THE PYRAMID.
14. The road of approach 6
15. The filling of it 7
16. The age of it. 7
17. The lower temple 8
CHAPTER III
THE QUARRY MARKS.
18. Dated marks .9
19. Other marks 9
CHAPTER IV
TOMBS WITHIN THE PERIBOLUS.
South Tomb.
20. The excavation 10
21. The plan 10
SECT. pAGE
22. The passages 10
23. The superstructure . . . . .11
North Tomb.
24. The excavation 12
25. The burial ....... 12
26. The structure 12
CHAPTER V
THE GREAT MASTABA, NO
27. The mound .
28. The chambers
29 The burial
30. The body
31. The sarcophagus
32. The measurements
17-
13
13
14
14
16
17
CHAPTER VI
THE MASTABA OF NEFERMAAT.
33. Finding the chamber 18
34. The burial 18
35. Dismemberment of bodies . . . .19
36. The woodwork 20
37. The chamber 21
38. Late burials 22
CHAPTER VII
THE GREAT WESTERN TOMBS.
39. The structure 22
40. Tomb A 22
41. Tomb B 23
42. Tomb C 24
CONTENTS
CHAPTER VIII
FAR WESTERN TOMBS.
SECT. PAGE
43. The burials 24
44. The structures 25
45. Plain stone chambers 25
46. Chambers with recesses 26
47. Chambers with floor cist ... 26
48. Pent-roof chambers 26
49. Other types 27
50. Measurements 28
CHAPTER IX
THE NORTHERN TOMBS.
51. The stone altar 28
52. The classes of burials 28
53. Clothing and furniture 29
54. Condition of bodies 29
55. Box coffins 29
56. Table of burials 30
57. Burials in rough holes ..... 30
58. Burials in shafts 31
59. Multiple burials 34
60. The open court 35
CHAPTER X
THE SOUTHERN TOMBS.
61. The mounds 35
62. The south tombs 35
Index
CHAPTER XI
THE POTTERY
SECT.
63. Early pottery
64. Later pottery .
PAGE
36
36
MEMPHIS
CHAPTER XII
THE TEMPLE OF PTAH.
65. The plan of work ....
66. Method of excavating .
67. The sanctuaries ....
68. Other sculptures . .
CHAPTER XIII
THE PALACE.
69. Height of building .
70. Bronzes of the fosse
71. The Persian deposit
72. The Aramaic labels
73. The sealings .
74. Other sealings
CHAPTER XIV
THE HOUSES AND SMALL REMAINS,
75. Plates xxxiii, xxxvii
76. Plates xxxviii, xxxix
yj. Dating of burnt houses
78. Contents of burnt houses
79. Pottery lamps
80. Terra-cotta heads .
38
38
39
39
40
40
4i
4i
42
42
44
44
45
45
45
46
47
LIST OF PLATES
WITH PAGE REFERENCES TO THE DESCRIPTIONS
MEYDUM
PAGE
PAGE
XXV.
Pottery, iiird dynasty .
• 36
i.
Pyramid and its approach
• i,7
xx vi.
,, „ •
. 12
ii.
Approach and causeway .
■ 2,7
xxvii.
„ xviiith dynasty
• 36
iii.
Approach, section ; Nefermaat i
nastaba 2, 4, 7
xxviii.
late
• 37
iv.
Nefermaat mastaba, sections .
. 4, 18, 21
v.
Quarry marks .
• 2,9
MEMPHIS
vi.
» »,••••
• 2,9
vii.
Peribolus tombs
. 2, 10-12
xxix.
Temple sculptures
• 39
viii.
„ „ plan
11, 12
XXX.
Sculptures and excavations .
38,39
ix.
„ „ details
2, 10
xxxi.
Sculptures . . . .6,
30,
39,41
X.
Mastaba 17, views
3,4,13-17
xxxii.
Sculptures and bronze hinge
■ 40
xi.
„ burial .
. 4, is, 16
xxxiii.
Lamps, metal work, shrines .
• 44
xii.
„ section and plan
• 3, 13-17
xxxiv.
Aramaic labels .
• 4i
xiii.
„ chambers
3, 17
XXXV.
Sealings, photographs .
• 42
xiv.
Pyramid face ; tomb models
6, 9, 22, 24
xxxvi.
„ drawings . .
• 42
XV.
Great west tombs, section and
Dlans. s, 22-24
xxxvii.
Sealings ; black pottery
42, 43, 44
xvi.
Western tomb field .
• 5, 24, 25
xxxviii.
Metal work ; fort model
29, 40, 44
xvii.
West tomb types
. 25, 26, 27, 28
xxxix.
Altar ; stone cutting ; plaster
6,
40,44
xviii.
,» ,, „ •
. 26
xl.
Burnt houses, contents .
• 45
xix.
Alabaster vases
6, 27
xli.
pottery .
. 46
XX.
Early sculptures
• 4, 5
xlii.
Terra-cotta heads, Scythian, etc.
■ 46
xxi.
Objects from tombs, iiird dyna
sty 6, 27,
xliii.
„ ,, Greek .
. 46
29,36
xliv.
» » »
• 46
xxii.
Northern graves
6, 32, 34, 35
xlv.
„ „ unknown
. 46
xxiii.
Northern burials
• 31,32
xlvi.
„ ,, »
. 46
xxiv.
Alabaster vases
6
xlvii.
Map of Sites in Egypt.
Vll
MEYDUM AND MEMPHIS
CHAPTER I
GENERAL RESULTS AT MEYDUM.
By FLINDERS PETRI E.
i. The WORK at Meydum this year was, in each
direction, a carrying out of that which I had begun in
1 89 1 ; and the purpose of this chapter is to link the
present results with those of nineteen years ago, and
also to give a current outline of the recent work,
especially in relation to the plates of this volume.
The order in which the different subjects will be
noticed here is the same as that of the detailed
descriptions by Mr. Mackay and Mr. Wainwright in
the succeeding chapters ; and it may be easier to
follow the exact register of the work recorded by
them, after grasping the outlines in a connected form.
The date of the pyramid is that of King Sneferu at
the close of the iiird dynasty, and the cemetery is
mostly of the same age.
No attempt is made here to repeat the information
in my previous volume Medum, now out of print ; the
whole of that is needed for any study of the site, there
is nothing to be altered or omitted from it, but I doubt
if a second edition is desirable.
The work this year was started by Mr. Mackay
and Mr. Wainwright, at the beginning of December
1909, each taking separate parts of the site. Mr.
Benton Fletcher joined us at Meydum, and very
kindly helped us by drawing all the pottery and
scarabs there. I went to Memphis early in February
1 9 10, and Mr. Mackay followed in the middle of the
month, Mr. Wainwright staying on at Meydum mov-
ing the sculptures and working on Nefermaat and
the pyramid. At Memphis Mr. Bushe-Fox joined us
and worked out the pottery kilns of Ptolemaic and
Roman age, besides taking part in the clearance on
the Ptah temple. The work was closed during the
latter part of April. The spelling of the name of
Meydum may be noted. In the previous publication
I followed the custom of using a long e for the Arabic
ye ; but, seeing the importance of using a translitera-
tion which shall indicate the Arabic spelling, I have
since used y in all cases tor ye, as in the words Sheykh
and Bedawyn. Hence the more correct spelling is
Meydum, and that form prevents mispronunciation
of the name. The difference in the name will suffi-
ciently indicate whether references are to the previous
volume or the present.
2. A curious feature of THE PYRAMID of Sneferu,
which was noted in the previous work, is the presence
of a broad shallow groove on the faces of the two
inner casings. These are shewn on the view pi. i, 2,
by arrows at the sides of each groove, pointing down
to the top casing, and upwards on the lower casing.
These grooves are only visible on these casings and
not on the coats outside of these, nor on the outer cas-
ing at the pyramid angle of 510 52' which covered over
all the steps finally. The hollow appears to be about
two or three inches deep, and has been trigonometric-
ally observed as 211 wide on the upper, and 195 on
the lower face. In 1891 I proposed that these grooves
were analogous to the grooves on the successive coats
of brick mastabas, indicating where the false door and
ka chamber lay behind them in the first body of the
mastaba ; hence these grooves might indicate that
there was a ka chamber in the first body of Sneferu's
mastaba.
This year we cleared away the great mound of
chips and blocks from the eastern face of the pyramid,
working in successive steps, from each of which the
stuff was carried out sideways, as seen in pi. xiv, 3.
In this way we bared the south side of the small
temple, and the casing down to the base, pi. xiv, 2.
Then a pit was sunk outside of the pyramid, and a
tunnel cut under its foundation for 150 feet to the
inner body of the mastaba. This passed through
gravel laid under the pyramid-angle casings, and
through solid rock all the way beneath the mastaba-
angle casings. There was not time to expand the
work this season, enough to shew whether a ka
chamber exists. The full account of this work will
therefore be given in future.
GENERAL RESULTS AT MEYDUM
The view of the pyramid from the west, pi. i, i,
<;ives the whole aspect of the visible coats, and the
mound around the base which covers the 51° casing.
3. In connection with these curious grooves, we
found this year a long APPROACH to the pyramid
from the plain below, which is largely cut through the
rock, and which points straight to the grooves. The
position is shewn on pi. ii, in solid black, as it is paved
with black brick. It is to the west of the later cause-
way leading to the temple, the stone walls of which
are shaded here. The section of this approach is
given on the upper part of pi. iii, with the vertical
scale (1 : 200) four times that of the horizontal (1 : 8oo)(
so as to shew the slope more distinctly. The bed of
it is very nearly a straight line, being only a little
steeper at the upper end. After cutting out the line
in the rock, faces of brick plastered over were built
along it, defining on each side the exact line of the
track ; the bed was overlaid by a coat of brickwork,
and on this lay a paving of limestone. The upper
end of the brick lining is seen on the left of the view
pi. i, 4 ; and the higher rock level not cut away on
the right hand.
The purpose of this seems to have been to lead
direct to the ka chamber, which is indicated by the
grooves on the pyramid. Then after the third coating
of the pyramid, that was abandoned, and a temple on
the east face became the objective, for which the
present causeway was made. The limestone paving
was removed, and the whole of the approach was
buried under rubbish thrown from the pyramid build-
ing, so as entirely to conceal the old track. The chip
bed is seen in the cross section of the approach photo-
graphed in pi. i, 3. The brick edging to the track is
seen across the end of the deepest trench. It was
only when searching for tombs at the lower end that
we lit on the rock cutting ; and it took some weeks
of tracing it out before we could rightly understand
it. The plan on pi. ii is that of Medum pi. vi with
the addition of the approach, and of some more tomb
pits found this year.
4 A search was made for a TEMPLE at the foot
of the causeway, which was traced out with difficulty
owing to the water level. The water was about five
feet higher in the desert edge than it was in the Nile
valley ; and some hundreds of feet of drain had to be
cut about 5 to 10 feet deep to drain off the higher water.
We thus uncovered the end of the stone foundations
of the causeway walls, and found a retaining wall of a
foundation running on from the southern side. By
the side of this were two foundation deposits of
pottery (pi. xxv), which point to there having been a
temple at the south side of the causeway. We tried
to trace this along a broad wall ; but that proved to
be a very long wall, running south for over 300 feet,
apparently a boundary to the cemetery. To search
further for the temple needs the removal of 10 or 12
feet of sand, and descending into the water.
During the removal of the broken stones on the
eastern face of the pyramid many quarry marks were
found upon fallen blocks of casing, and others were
found upon the stones in the course of tunnelling
beneath the pyramid. These marks are copied on
pis. v, vi, and described in chapter iii. The chrono-
logical results from the months of working are the
most important yet known for the early dynasties.
Akin to these is a piece of workmen's accounts, given
on pi. xiv, 1, which refers to the building of the
pyramid.
5. In the previous work I had suspected a
PERIBOLUS TOMB, and attacked a large mass of chips
on the south of the pyramid, within the enclosure of
the peribolus. At twenty-five feet down, a great
cutting and tunnel was found in the rock ; but the site
was too large to be then cleared. On now removing
about 1500 tons of hard concreted stone chips we
bared a hole as seen in pi. vii, 1, where the size of the
work boy against the masonry at the bottom shews
the scale. We found the remains of the entrance
passage (vii, 2) which led into a large subterranean
chamber, of which only a part of one side remained
(vii, 3). Around this pit, at not far below ground level,
we found great substructures for a square pyramid, as
shewn on the right side of pi. viii. There had been
apparently a creep-hole provided for the workmen,
which is seen on the detailed plan and section pi. ix.
Probably men were needed to lower and fix the plug
blocks of the entrance, and they then escaped by
this passage on the south, much like the creep-hole
passage in the pyramid of Khufu from the grand
gallery to the entrance passage.
On the north of the pyramid we found a strange
form of tomb. A small mastaba, fifty feet wide, and
probably a hundred feet long, stood in the peribolus
enclosure, see pi. viii. On the north side near the
ground a sloping passage led down, see pi. ix, base.
The rock cutting for this was nearly fifteen feet wide,
and the building of it was splendid, with great beams
and blocks of the fine white limestone. The passage
was plugged with stone, below which a door slid in
grooves. And yet after about twenty feet the end of
all this fine work was reached, and only an ignoble
THE GREAT MASTABA, NO. \J
little room cut in the soft muddy marl contained the
burial ; and the roof of this had readily fallen and
filled the chamber, in entire contrast to the splendid
14-foot beam of limestone which roofed the entrance
to the chamber. Where sharp contrasts of work are
found they are commonly supposed to be due to
neglect. But here the rough crumbling chamber
must have been cut first ; and the massive stone
passage was added in front of it, quite incongruously.
The view of the work is seen on pi. vii, 4. In front
are two courses of substructure under the wide beam
of the floor of the passage. Upon that is the passage
with sides two courses high, and over that the roof
beam. The dark clothes, lying above, are against the
marl roof of the chamber, which had to be cleared
from the top owing to the loose state of it. The
arrangement of the burial in a coffin is shewn at the
foot of pi. ix, and the pottery found with it is on
pi. xxvi, 68-71.
6. The GREAT mastaba No. 17 is the largest
known, except that of Nefermaat. It was certainly
by far the best built mastaba in Egypt, and it is the
earliest private stone tomb known, and contains the
oldest stone coffin. The chamber is far grander than
that of the pyramid of Sneferu. It is therefore a
main subject for examination. Unhappily not a
single hieroglyph was inscribed on it, inside or
outside : the false door recess, which is usually
inscribed, was quite blank when the facade was
uncovered by Prof. Maspero in 1882; since then it
has been carried away for stone.
The position of this mastaba may be seen in pi. ii,
at the outer edge. The full size of it is 4122 x 2064
inches, or 200 x 100 cubits, at the base level. The
outer surface was of black brick, and the interior of
clean stone chip and marl, laid here in regular layers
by the builders of the adjoining pyramid. In 1891
I cleared the north end and east side in search of any
entrance ; then cleared over the top along the whole
of the axis ; and lastly sank a shaft 48 feet deep through
the whole body behind the false door recess. This
last shewed some brick retaining walls at the bottom,
evidently belonging to a pit containing the chamber.
But the danger of working in chip-ground at such a
depth prevented further work then. This year we
cleared out what had fallen into my old pit, and tried
to enlarge the hole enough for safe working. But it
proved needful to cut through the eastern side of the
mastaba in order to enlarge the work, and obtain a
safe and easy exit. This cut is shewn on pi. x, 3.
The worker at the bottom of the cut is standing upon
the brick retaining wall which rises far above the
chamber. The excavation is much wider than is here
seen from the entrance cut, in order to obtain
sufficient safety in work. The square corner and
upright side on the left of the entrance cut is the
north end of the brick wall backing of the false
door recess. The structure can be best understood
from the plan and section pi. xii.
On making a wide clearance at the bottom we
found the end of the entrance passage shewing, (see
the left hand of pi. x, 2,) filled by a plug of stone,
with a great lintel over it, and a wall of brickwork
on each side. The wall on the north turned round a
corner, as seen in the view, and ran back to B. From
B to A (see letters on views 1 and 2, and on the
plan pi. xii) was a slope of plastering, and at A rose
up a retaining wall of plastered brick. These brick
walls all have a strong batter, which is shewn by
the top and bottom outlines parallel on the plan.
I then decided to cut through the plastering from
A to B, below the pick in view i, and on descending
we reached the ends of large beams of stone, which
apparently roofed the passage. Cutting out solid
stone we descended to the side of the wall below
the beams, and finally cut a way through that. We
then were able to crawl into the space C, under the
higher roof at the end of the passage, see section
pi. xii, over the top of the plug blocks which extended
the whole length down to the butt end of the en-
trance passage. On entering I saw the large hole in
the end of the long passage (pi. x, 5) by which the
tomb had been robbed while the plan of it was still
well known.
7. The section of the mastaba (pi. xii, top)
shews how the chamber is built in a pit in the rock,
without any opening through the mastaba after it was
piled up. The burial must have taken place soon
after the chambers and passages were built, and
before the piling of the 100,000 tons of stones and
chips placed by the pyramid workmen in strata to
compose the great mass above. At the sides will
be seen the sloping brick walls of the mastaba,
descending to the rock, as I proved in the previous
excavation, when I also found the vertical box corners
of brick outside of the .nastaba walls, which had the
elaborate system of guide lines upon them, in order
to lay out sloping faces correctly on an irregular
foundation (see Medum pi. viii).
The interior of the sepulchre (pi. xiii) is a noble
piece of work. The long passage is nearly 8 feet
high, 4 feet wide, and over 40 feet long. The
GENERAL RESULTS AT MEYDUM
rounded corners to the doorways are a feature not
met with elsewhere. The purpose of them is not
apparent, as the sarcophagus is too big to pass the
passages, and must have been built in, and the inner
burial cannot have been large enough not to pass
the corners. The rounding has been done after
building, cutting the stone up to a red line marked
down the wall. The effect of the wide, bold rounding
gives a dignified spaciousness to the appearance.
The main hall is over 20 feet long, 16 feet high, and
7 feet wide. The great roofing beams can here be
seen above the passage and the recess. The size is
218 long, 103 J deep, and 50 inches wide, weighing
therefore 38 tons.
The red granite sarcophagus in the recess (pi. x, 4)
is probably fifty years older than that of Khufu, and
is thus the oldest such known. As compared with
the Khufu sarcophagus it is three times as thick ; the
length and height are the same, but the breadth is
two-thirds larger. Its weight is 8| tons, and the lid
3i tons. Inside were the remains of the body, which,
though broken up, shewed that it had been entirely
unfleshed and each bone wrapped separately, and
then recomposed. The full details observed by Mr.
Wainwright are in chapter v.
8. The history of this INTERMENT seems to be
that the hereditary prince of the district began to
make a splendid tomb for himself as close as possible
to the pyramid, finer than that of the king in its
masonry and sarcophagus, as Sneferu had only a
wooden coffin. The prince seems to have died about
the time that the chambers were finished, and was
buried in them without leaving any external access.
The pyramid workmen piled up the mastaba with
all their chips in even layers. By the time it was
finished the interest in the dead had so far declined
that no one took the trouble to carve the figures and
inscriptions upon the stone facade on the east side.
We may note here the details of the objects
found which are shewn in pi. xi. 1-3 the skull,
unhappily so entirely broken up in travelling that it
could not be restored. The bones, especially those
shewing the attached wrappings, are now in one box
together in the Department of Ethnology, British
Museum. 4 is the mass of wrapping from the base
of the skull, shewing the cervical vertebrae in the
middle ; the mass of padding from inside the jaw is
to the right, the wrapping of the occiput to the left.
5 shews the penis modelled in cloth, as a separate
parcel not attached : below that the inner side of the
covering of the eye with the globular pad from the
orbit, formed of cloth pressed in by a lump of lime-
clay ; to the right a packet of cloth simulating an
embalmed organ. 6 the wooden carving of a girdle
tie and tag of cloth. 7 the copper models of axes
and chisels (at Manchester and Univ. Coll. Lond.).
8, crooks of wood and model mallet (with 6 at Univ.
Coll. Lond.).
9. The great MASTABA OF NEFERMAAT had been
examined along the top in 1891, and a pit sunk in
it, without finding the burial chamber. This year I
felt it needful to exhaust the question, so large pits
were sunk in the axis behind the false doors of
Nefermaat and his wife Atet, down to the native soil.
The material of hard dried mud was very difficult to
examine, as it could scarcely be broken, and the
included flints made it wear away chisels quicker
than cutting limestone rock. Neither pit shewed any
trace of a chamber ; but after I had left there I urged
Mr. Wainwright still to continue by tunnelling in all
directions. At last he found a great rock pit in no
regular position, (see pi. iii, base,) with a built chamber
in it. Strange to say the chamber stood on about
four feet of dried mud put into the pit ; and it was
heaped around with large blocks of limestone, irregu-
larly laid over the pit.
The form of the chamber was like that in the
pyramid, see pi. iv for plan and sections ; and the
blocked-up doorway is shewn in pi. i, 5. Although
the blocking was complete, and the chamber walls
and floor were unbroken, yet the burial had been
entirely plundered. This must therefore have been
done by the workmen who closed the chamber and
the shaft. The burial, as will be seen in chapter vi,
was of an entirely unfleshed skeleton, like that of
No. 17. Among the bricks removed in working here
was one with the name of Nefermaat roughly written
on it by the finger, pi. xx, 2 (Manchester).
In the plan of the southern part of the mastaba,
pi. iii, will be noticed the body of the mastaba, and
the separate coat built round it. The stone-built
false door on the east side is built in the body, with
a passage lined with fresco leading to it. The
celebrated fresco of the geese was on the side of this
passage, the remaining scenes of which had been
almost destroyed in removing the geese to Cairo by
Vassali. In front of the outer coat is a square
courtyard, to receive the offerings.
10. The whole of the SCULPTURED FALSE DOORS
and facades of Meydum were removed by us at Sir
Gaston Maspero's request, as they had suffered severely
some years ago, by depredations of Gizeh antiquity
SCULPTURED TOMBS
dealers. The tomb-chapel of Nefermaat was delivered
entire to the Cairo Museum, as also all the remaining
parts of that of Rahotep. The chapel of Atet was
removed to London, and distributed to different
museums as follows, referring to the plates of my
publication of it in Medum. PI. xxii papyrus and
fowler, Oxford ; men cutting up ox, Brussels ; line of
lintel inscription, boys, and Atet, New York ; block
of titles sab taiti that, British Museum ; sacrifice of
ibex, Cambridge. PI. xxiii left side, Munich ; figure
of Nefermaat, Bristol ; figures of children, Edinburgh.
PI. xxiv left side, Chicago ; offerers, Carlsberg ;
crane-bearer, cattle, and boatmen, Manchester; fowlers,
boy and apes, Carlsberg. PI. xxv Boston. PI. xxvi
Liverpool. PI. xxvii upper half, Philadelphia ; lower
half, Brussels. The upper line of fresco pi. xxviii
was sent to Philadelphia in 1891. The few blocks
left of the small chapel of Nefert were brought to
London. The figures on the only complete slab are
photographed on pi. xx, 4, 5, 6, to shew the delicacy
of the surface modelling of the limbs ; the figure of
a man is here reduced rather more than those of the
women, ft should be noted that the middle figure
was begun standing, and not walking ; the cutting
of the back of the leg was started on, and the groove
afterwards filled with plaster. This shews how the
ground was lowered by hammer dressing before
scraping it down. This slab is now at Carlsberg ;
the twenty-four pieces of the opposite slab of offerers
are at Brussels ; the middle of the false door at Oxford ;
the left side at Cambridge ; the right side at Munich.
As the whole tomb-chapels of relief work (Rahotep)
and of inlay (Nefermaat) are to be set up in Cairo
Museum, the most useful course was to distribute the
other examples of this earliest tomb sculpture as
widely as might be, so as to give points of reference
in many centres for study.
We may also here note the block of Maker
ornament, pi. xx, 3, which was found reused in a
grave. From the fine curves of it, and the delicacy of
the relief lines, it appears to be earlier than any other
examples, and may well have belonged to a temple
of Sneferu now destroyed (Oxford). The blocks of
limestone, pi. xx, 1, with round holes in them, are
found commonly in the masons' chip heaps. They
appear to have been used for pivot blocks, to turn
heavy levers on, in moving stones.
11. To the west of the pyramid there are two
groups of tombs (see pi. xvi); a few GREAT TOMBS at
about a furlong, and about three dozen lesser tombs
at a quarter of a mile distant. The great tombs are
of one type. A long trench was sunk into the
ground, 80 feet long, 22 feet wide, and sloping down
southwards to 36 feet deep, see pi. xv. fn this was
built a chamber, only a quarter of the breadth of the
trench, with a sloping passage leading down to it,
which was plugged with blocks of stone, see the
model pi. xiv, 5. fn one tomb, A, the sloping way
to the stone passage was filled up, and a brick shaft
substituted for access. This tomb was cleared and
planned in the work of 1891, see Medum vii, bottom
left.
There are some inexplicable features about these
tombs, which are unlike any that we know of else-
where. First, there was no trace of superstructure,
such as a mastaba or offering chamber. I had the
ground very carefully trenched to the east of the pits,
but no trace of brick or stone work could be found,
ft seems then that these were intended to be hidden
tombs, filled up, and left like the rest of the desert
surface. Second, there seems no reason for excavating
a trench in the rock twice as wide as necessary
for the chamber, and then filling it up with huge
blocks of stone ; this cannot be due to an afterthought,
as all these tombs are alike. Third, if filling it
up there is no reason for always putting the chamber
far to one side, and having a much wider mass of
stone to the east of it. Fourth, the purpose of walling
up with rough stones one side of the sloping approach,
and not the other, is again quite inexplicable. This work
may be well seen in pi. xiv, 6, where the breastwork of
large blocks over the tomb entrance is in front, and
the small stone walling at the left hand, and carried
over the breastwork. These peculiarities naturally
suggested that there must be another chamber, or
a recess for statuary or offerings, somewhere east of
the known chambers. Accordingly in one tomb we
trenched all the ground to the east, to see if any
sloping way led down to a ka chamber ; we pulled
out all the rude stone walling before the breastwork, to
look for another entrance ; and we removed all the
filling of big blocks to the east of the chamber, but
found them all continuous, and without any opening
in the rock side of the pit. There seems then no
possible reason for these strange and apparently use-
less features of construction. No objects were found
in these tombs, except some late interments of the
xxiind dynasty ; the style and position of the tombs
shew them to be of the age of Sneferu. There is
an immense tomb of this type at three furlongs N.W.
of the pyramid, but it seems to have been destroyed,
and we only cleared the outline of the trench.
GENERAL RESULTS AT MEYDUM
12. The far WESTERN TOMBS are all deep vertical
shafts with chambers at the bottom (pi. xiv, 4). Most
of the chambers are stone-lined, but some are cut
in the rock with a pent roof. The strange matter
here was that the portcullis blocks of two or three
tons' weight were still standing on piles of stones
above the doorways, and had only in two cases been
lowered to cover the door. The tombs had evidently
not been used by their original makers of the iiird
dynasty ; only later in the xxiind dynasty had rough
coffin burials been put in the chambers, and the
doorways plastered up. One of the used tombs (50)
had a shaft 2 1 feet deep ; the portcullis was lowered
over the doorway ; the slab was 82 inches high, 42
wide, and 14 to 16 thick. In the bottom of the
shaft in front of the portcullis I found the granite
vase pi. xix, 7, lying on its edge with the base against
the middle of the portcullis slab (Carlsberg). From
side to side of the portcullis in front of the vase was
a row of limestone model jars, xix, 6, 8 ; xxiv, H-15,
lying on their sides. Inside the chamber there was
nothing but the remains of the skeleton. In the
other used tomb, 55, the alabaster jars had all been
broken and the pieces scattered over the chamber,
pi. xix, 1-5 ; xxiv, 1-9. These are at Carlsberg,
except the cup, xix, 4 (Manchester). In this tomb
were the flint flakes which I have rejoined so as
to shew the method of fracture, pi. xxi, 17-22. Be-
yond these there was nothing obtained from this
cemetery.
13. To the north of the pyramid lie the great
sculptured mastabas of Nefermaat and Rahotep, and,
a large number of minor mastabas and tombs down
to the simplest hole in the ground. The only inscrip-
tion obtained from here is that of an altar of a ruler
of the palace and of the frontier of Khufu, named
Sezefu, pi. xxxi (Cambridge).
The tombs in general (pi. xxii) are similar to
those opened there in 1 891, and recorded in Median,
pp. 20, 21. Beyond three headrests (see pi. xxi, 15,
16 ; pi. xxxix, bottom) there were no objects found
here except the boxes for burial, shewn in pi. xxiii.
The burials were all contracted, and nearly all on the
left side, the head to the north and the face to the
east. This exact reversal of the position which is
characteristic of the prehistoric age shews that a great
change had taken place with the incoming dynasties.
This change took place as early as the 1st dynasty, as
the servants of king Qa lay contracted with the head
to the north in five cases, and only once to the south.
Among late burials were some of the Persian age,
which were examined by Dr. Ruffer. The curious
bandage from the knee to the ankle on one mummy
is shewn in pi. xix, 9.
To the south of the pyramid, at about a mile away
behind the village of Meydum, there is a field of tombs
of the iiird-ivth dynasty, but all have been so entirely
plundered in recent times that there is nothing left to
be recorded. At about four miles to the south there
is another early cemetery. One tomb had a large
tomb-chapel of brick, with life-size figures painted on
the walls, of which a few fragments were found on
the floor ; but it has been denuded to within a foot of
the soil. There were two deep shafts in the chambers
(see plan pi. xxxi). In one chamber were some scraps
of the funeral furniture, pi. xxi, 7-14, shewing that
there were the painted wooden models of servants and
cattle, and a boat with copper oars (u, 12, 13) which
are unusual. In another tomb near this were the
ivory bracelets pieced together, seen in pi. xxi, 1-5.
CHAPTER II
THE APPROACH TO THE PYRAMID.
By GERALD WAINWRIGHT.
14. My time this year in Egypt was entirely occu-
pied in work at Meydum. The principal divisions
of it were (A) clearing the east face of the pyramid
of Sneferu, and tunnelling in the rock beneath it ; as
this work may yet be carried further, it is not reported
here : (n) tracing out a great approach or causeway,
which was apparently filled up long before the build-
ing of the pyramid was finished : (c) finding the burial
chamber of the anonymous mastaba, No. 17 : (d) find-
ing the burial chamber of the mastaba of Nefermaat :
(e) clearing many graves near the approach, all of
which had been robbed anciently : and (f) at Sir
Gaston Maspero's request, taking down for preserva-
tion, and packing, the great sculptured chambers of
Nefermaat, Atet, Rahotep, and Nefert, which had
suffered severely in past years.
The Approach. In excavating to the east of the
pyramid we came across a strange piece of work,
consisting of a well-made causeway or approach,
leading up from the cultivation to the level surface of
the desert on the eastern side of the pyramid. The
approach was very carefully constructed, being in
some places cut into the rock to a depth of 6 or 8 feet.
Where the rock gives out, it is banked up by a mound
of rubbish, enclosed by a mud-plaster facing wall,
so as to make an even slope up. The plan of it in
THE APPROACH
relation to the pyramid is given in pi. ii. The section
is on pi. iii, and the slope of it is four times too great,
as is usual in low sections ; the vertical scale being four
times the horizontal.
The rock cutting is 201 inches wide, and inside it
is rubble covered with mud-plaster running up either
side, reducing the available width to 123 inches. On
each mud wall is drawn a red line at a perfectly even
slope, and between the walls the space is paved with
crude brick. As we found one large limestone block
in situ on the brick pavement, and its upper surface
corresponded with the red line in its neighbourhood,
this line no doubt shewed the height to which the
stone paving was to be laid. Moreover at the top
end the native rock was left rising high above the bed
of the approach, up to just the level of the red line
on the sides. If the approach were ever finished, the
stone paving had all been removed before the rubbish
was thrown in, for the rubbish lies directly on the
brick foundation. The space between the sides of
the rock cutting and the plaster walls was originally
empty, for the throw of rubbish lies right across the
walls, which it has broken down, and the fallen pieces
either lie directly on the ground, or are propped
against the part still standing, with an empty space
underneath them (pi. iii).
15. The approach has all been filled up and con-
cealed by the debris of the building of the pyramid.
The western end, which is nearest the pyramid, is
entirely filled with the concreted red sand of the
surface clearance ; a little further down away from
the pyramid the red sand is mixed with broken marl
from the deeper digging, the marl increasing as the
red sand decreases, and finally disappears ; soon after
on the top of the marl is thrown clean limestone chip
from the masons' work of building, and as this
material increases in quantity, the marl in its turn
gives out and finally disappears, so that the further
two-thirds of the approach are filled up only with
stone chip (pi. iii).
This filling is not the rubbish formed by the
destruction of the pyramid, but is clean white chip,
which has never lain about to become sunburnt.
Therefore it is the refuse formed by the stone-dressing
for the building of the pyramid. Moreover it is
exactly the same as the chip filling of mastaba
No. 17, and that composing the rest of the smooth
ground, which has been levelled round about. It is
not possible to suppose that any one but the builders
would feel the necessity of leaving the neighbourhood
neatly smoothed. Certainly later generations using
the pyramid as a quarry would not be concerned
with such niceties.
That the approach was cut before the pyramid
was built is also shewn by the relative position of the
different constituents of the filling. The first rubbish
that was thrown into the approach was that which
was first ejected— by digging the foundations at the
pyramid — the concreted red sand and flint nodules
which compose the upper stratum of the desert ; next
came the marl, which lies directly under it, and into
which the foundations of the inner parts of the
pyramid are sunk ; especially deep are those of the
face which has the lower groove on it (pi. i, and
Medum pi. ii) ; and lastly came the rubbish which
would be formed after the foundations had been dug
and when building had begun — the masons' waste.
It is of interest to note that of the five quarry marks
representing ur, shewn on pi. v, four were found
in situ against the foundations of this grooved face
of the pyramid, and the other was found in the filling
of the approach.
We were unable to find this mark elsewhere on
the pyramid. Thus we at once have a strong pre-
sumption as to the exact provenance of this marl in
the filling of the approach. Scattered through the
mass, more especially in the top layers, are occasional
early vases such as pi. xxvi, 65.
16. The approach did not lead to some large
private tomb, for we carefully searched all the ground
in front of its head. Hence it would appear to lead
to the pyramid ; especially as its direction, which is
roughly parallel to the previously known causeway,
points directly to the grooves on the pyramid face,
which may mark the position of the ka chamber, if
there be one. Yet the approach is filled and hidden
by the refuse from founding and building the outer
coats.
Another proof of the early date at which this
approach went out of use is to be found in a long
wall at the edge of the cultivation connected with the
later causeway, which runs right across its eastern
end.
To recapitulate, the facts obtainable are these : —
(1) A carefully made approach, which leads to no
private tomb, but points directly to the
probable site of the ka chamber ; on the
south half of the eastern face of the mas-
taba, which finally grew into the pyramid.
(2) This approach had fallen into disuse, and had
had the stone paving, if any, removed ; after
which
THE APPROACH
(3) It was filled up with the refuse from the
digging of the foundations of the inner
parts of the pyramid, probably the fifth
coat of the mastaba next against the outer-
most groove, and with the refuse of the
stonemasons' work in building the outer
coats of the pyramid.
(4) This approach was superseded by another,
leading not to the ka chamber, but to the
temple against the centre of the pyramid.
The only hypothesis which seems to fit these
premisses is that the first approach was made for the
building of the original mastaba, from which the
pyramid grew (Petrie, Medum, pp. 5, 10). When
the king determined to enlarge it into a pyramid,
surrounded by an enclosure, the old approach leading
up to the south part of the face would be unsightly,
and it was necessary to build a new causeway leading
up to a temple against the middle of the face, which
being done the old approach became nothing but an
eyesore, to be done away with as quickly as possible.
Hence they began at once to fill it up with the
material they obtained from the foundations of the
first parts of the new work.
This change of design appears to have taken
place after the building of the fourth of the eight
mastaba faces, that with the outermost groove
{Medum, pi. ii). For such evidence as we have goes
to prove that the idea of an enlarged mastaba, bear-
ing the usual indications of the ka chamber in the
form of a groove on its outside, lasted as late as the
building of this fourth face, during all of which time
the old approach would be suitable. Then we find
the old approach filled up by rubbish which, as far
as our evidence goes, came from the next work
which was undertaken on the structure.
This can only mean that under the new scheme
the old approach had become useless, and was re-
placed by the new causeway, which was part and
parcel of the new arrangement.
Thus we see that the covering over of the whole
cumulative mastaba with one uniform coat at the
pyramid angle of 52° was a later idea, though perhaps
conceived long before the end of the work. For this
reason alone the pyramid coating could not be the
work of Khufu, as has been suggested. As Sneferu
reigned 26 years there would be plenty of time for
him to complete his pyramid ; and the casing being
dated in a seventeenth year shews that it was unlikely
to have been completed in a subsequent reign.
The style of the temple being so solid, small, and
plain is unlike anything of later date. The solidity
and plainness are akin to the granite temple of Gizeh,
while the rounded edges of the roof and top of the
walls recall the rounded corners in mastaba No. 17,
which, as we shall shew, is contemporary with the
building of the pyramid. Also the stones at the
corners of the walls generally run a few inches
round the angle, as in the granite temple and in
mastaba No. 17.
Hence from : —
(1) The change of design taking place during the
building, not afterwards ;
(2) The date at which the casing was put on ;
and
(3) The style,
it seems impossible to doubt but that the smooth
coat is contemporary with the rest of the building,
and is also due to Sneferu.
17. The long wall above mentioned, along the
edge of the cultivation (see pi. ii), abutted on to the
south buttress of the later causeway, and runs south
from it. It is built of crude brick and is 65 to 75
inches wide. It was apparently a boundary wall,
perhaps of the cemetery, for we traced it for a long
distance without finding any corner or other wall
branching off from it. Nor were there any relics
of any sort accumulated against it, not even potsherds.
It runs right across the east end of the earlier ap-
proach to the pyramid.
Running east from this south buttress of the later
causeway, and in the same plane as its inner side, was
a small wall of crude brick, which after 33 feet was
broken away and lost. At this point was a cross wall
running north and south, and in this corner was a
foundation deposit of old kingdom pottery. In this
building we also found another foundation deposit of
similar pottery, and a broken quartzite corn-grinder.
All the pottery of both deposits was broken, but
enough remained in each case to give the outlines
(pi. xxv).
Unfortunately this building was all lying at so
low a level, that we had to drain the ground, and
wait for the end of the season, when the water was
low, before we could examine it. It was then too
late to clear away all the great depth of sand which
lay to the south of this. Such work might have re-
vealed more walls, and have given foundation deposits,
by which we could have planned the temple. But at
present it seems as if there had been, on the south
side of the causeway, a small chapel, on a scale similar
to that of the temple within the temenos.
THE QUARRY MARKS
The position seems peculiar, but is in keeping
with the general scheme of one-sidedness which
characterizes the pyramid buildings ; for the cause-
way is not at right angles to the temenos wall, whose
gateway is not opposite the doorway of the temple,
which is not in the middle but at the south end of
that building.
The feature of a causeway starting from the north
side of the low temple is also to be seen in the
granite temple. That causeway, as well as this of
Meydum, does not run at right angles to the pyramid.
CHAPTER III
THE QUARRY MARKS.
By FLINDERS PETRIE.
1 8. SOME quarry marks of the pyramid of Khufu
at Gizeh were long ago published by Lepsius in the
Denkmaler (ii, i). But such inscriptions have hardly
been collected with sufficient care, considering the
historical information which they give. In the course
of clearing the eastern face of the pyramid of Sneferu
at Meydum, tunnelling beneath that, and turning
over masses of the masons' chips elsewhere, many
different kinds of graffiti have been noticed. These
are published here in pis. v, vi ; and the general
account of them is given here. The discussion of the
historical dating of 4800 B.C., shewn by them, will
appear in the chronological papers in the second
volume of the year, Historical Studies.
First there is the most important group of dated
inscriptions, pi. v, 1-6. These were in red ochre
paint, roughly daubed on, apparently with a coarse
brush. They are mostly on the sloping rough faces
of casing stones which would be outermost, painted
on the rough surface which would later be trimmed
away in finishing the slope. The purpose of putting
them on this face was probably to enable the architect
to notice the date of the material until it was finally
dressed. That we should occasionally find them is
probably due to some casing stones having been built
in otherwise in the masonry, and thus escaped dress-
ing down.
(1) " 2nd month of Pert (Mekhir), day 22."
(2) "Year 17, 2nd month of Pert, day 24" ' (?).
(3) " Year 17, 2nd month of Pert, day . . ."
(4) "Year 17, 3rd month of Pert(Phamenoth), day
of completion (30th)."
(5) " 1st month of Shemu (Pakhons), day 22 " (?)
(6) "Year 17(f), 3rd month of Shemu (Epiphi),
day 8 " (?).
19. The next group is of various other inscriptions,
which are found on flat faces of rough quarried stones.
(7) Setlies, " cause to be lifted up," or in modern
phrase " this side up."
8 apparently shews a boat, and an unknown sign
to the left of it. Across it at right angles, reading
down from the right, is again " cause to be lifted up."
9 has also a boat, and at the left end the begin-
ning of a date, " Year 14 + x."
1 1, " Great, divine house." As we see ur, " great,"
on the following to 14, with different designs, it may
refer to the king, or possibly be the name of the quarry,
or of the quality of the stone. The " divine house "
or temple doubtless shews that it came from a stone
for the temple here. The writing is in black. The
flake was struck off and thrown away with the
masons' waste in the approach.
10, 12, 13, "Great" with a sign following which
varies in each case, but which seems as if intended
for the same.
We now come to signs on pi. vi.
15 to 18 are evidently figures of the step pyramid
of Meydum before it had its final uniform slope of
casing; 18 is on the footing of the outer casing.
These marks were to shew the destination of the
stone. Above 16 are two signs incised ; one is a
liotep upside down.
19 is indistinct, and the direction is uncertain.
20 is a liotep sign, from the foundation of the outer
casing.
21 is a town sign.
22 is the base of a khaker sign.
23 is a survey mark painted in red on the whitened
retaining wall over the chamber of mastaba No. 17.
24 is an incised sign on a block in the pyramid
rubbish.
25 is part of a word, possibly maa-th{eti), "road,"
as the maat sign is a square-ended cubit in this age.
26, 27, are diagrammatic signs unknown.
The best dated quarry mark was left at Cairo
Museum, and others were sent to Manchester,
University College London, Munich, and Chicago.
Lastly there are some much ruder quarry marks
inscribed in black on the paving stones of the S.E.
chamber of the palace of Apries, pi. vi, 28-36.
28A is a small inscription at the side of 28, naming
the 13 th year. ,
(29) "Year 13."
(30) " Year 11 + x."
2
10
TOMIiS WITHIN THE PERIBOI.OS
CHAPTER IV
TOMBS WITHIN THE PERIBOLOS.
By ERNEST MAC KAY.
The Southern Tomb.
20. The principal work entrusted to me this year
was that on the south side of the pyramid of
Meydum. Prof. Petrie, before working upon this
site in 1891, observed a large mound of limestone
chips lying between the western part of the southern
face and the pyramid wall. On going down in this,
for some twenty-five feet or more, he came to two
sides of a rock-cut pit, but owing to the great depth
and hardness of the concreted rubbish, the work had
to be abandoned till a more favourable opportunity.
My work was first begun in the large clearing
made by Prof. Petrie, which though cut eighteen
years ago was not much filled up by debris. The
two sides of the rock pit observed by him were
quickly reached, and then followed, progress being
at first slow owing to the large blocks of stone
hampering the work.
The majority of these were much too large to
be taken to the surface, or to be broken up, and we
had to examine the southern portion of the pit first
by rolling the stones to the north, and when this had
been done, rolling them back again.
As our clearance progressed north, large stones
were observed in position on the eastern and western
sides, until finally we came upon the southern end of
an entrance passage running north, with the original
plugging blocks still in position. See pis. vii-ix.
It was now seen that we were in what remained
of a large subterranean tomb, cut in the rock, and
formerly lined with massive limestone blocks, most
of which had been removed in early times (possibly
in the xxth dynasty) for building material.
In the passage south of the plug-blocks were
found two burials, in a contracted position, which was
due to the size of the passage. They were placed
on the rubbish which half filled it.
These bodies, presumably of the xxiind dynasty,
were lying on their right sides, with their heads to
the west, and looking south, and were protected by
the passage being walled in at the south with small
blocks of stone and cement. No offerings or amu-
lets were found with them ; but a small copper bowl
was found in the rubbish beneath them, which had
been badly battered by an edged instrument, such as
an adze, in an attempt to destroy it. (At Manchester.)
The whole rock cutting was carefully searched
to the bottom for more objects, but nothing further
was found.
As the bowl could not be of the same date as
the burials beneath which it lay, it is quite possible
that it is all that is left of the offerings deposited with
the original burial at the end of the iiird dynasty.
21. The plan of what remains of this tomb will be
seen in pi. ix. It was not practicable to find the
northern face of the rock pit in which it lay, owing
to the northern portion having built blocks lying in
position on each side of the entrance passage.
The eastern face of the passage is the best pre-
served, and runs south until it reaches point B (pi. ix),
which is the limit of stone in position on this side.
The faces of the stones from B to c are very rough,
and as there are no indications that a turn was taken
here to the east, it is probable that the wall was
carried along to the southern side. This would agree
with a series of tombs opened up to the west of the
pyramid (pi. xv).
Of the western side of the entrance way very
little remains, except for five courses of stones
rising in steps from D to E, the top course at E
being just below the great lintel stone of the
passage, see pi. vii.
The two bottom courses (section pi. ix) are what
remains of the stone floor of the tomb, except for
that which forms the floor of the passage, which is
38 inches deep.
Two of the stones above these two pavement
courses shew evidence of finished faces, and I have
indicated the positions of these on the plans by the
line FF.
It is reasonable to suspect that the thickness of
the stonework on the eastern and western sides of this
demolished tomb would have been the same, and I
have therefore shewn the western side in a broken
line at F and G.
The southern end of the chamber is impossible to
place with any reasonable certainty. It is probable,
however, that there was the same amount of stone-
work here as on the eastern and western sides. It
will be noticed that the S.E. and S.W. corners of the
rock pit have been left projecting, doubtless for
reasons of economy.
22. As remarked before, the southern portion of
the passage is perfectly preserved ; but we did not
see the northern end, owing to the immense quantity
of pyramid rubbish under which it lies. The passage
measures 473 inches in breadth by 637 in height,
and is surmounted at its exposed end by a lintel
THE SOUTHERN TOMB
II
of limestone 186 inches long, 42 inches high, and
22 inches wide (see pi. vii). This is left quite
rough above and at the ends, but well finished on
the joints and underside, which forms part of the
ceiling of the passage.
The original plugging of the entrance is still in
place, and is formed by two courses of limestone.
The exposed parts of these are badly broken, but the
width of the top block is 457 inches.
The bottom block was prevented from sliding into
the chamber, by the floor of the passage at this point
being considerably lower than that of the chamber. ■
The same idea in construction is to be seen in three
subterranean tombs to the west of the pyramid, one
of which is shewn in pi. xv, and modelled on pi. xiv.
A curious feature exists on the south side of the
rock cutting in the shape of a passage leading from
the pit, and running south for 267 inches. It termi-
nates in a vertical shaft 48 inches square rising to the
surface of the ground.
This passage is but roughly cut in the soft rock,
and has an average height of 37 inches, the roof
being slightly curved. At the southern end of this
are three large blocks of limestone set across the roof,
apparently in position, and projecting slightly into
the shaft.
It will be seen from the plan, pi. ix, that this
passage faces the continuation of the eastern wall of
the tomb chamber, A to B. The floor of this at its
southern end is 88 inches below the bottom of the
rock cutting.
23. The bottom of the rock pit is 229 inches below
the level of the desert, the top of the lintel stone
being 86 inches below the desert. At least one or
more courses of stone must have been placed on the
roofing blocks of the chamber and passage, presuming
the former was of the same height as the latter, as is
the case in the western tombs. This would leave but
little doubt that a superstructure once covered this
tomb, which has been entirely destroyed for the sake
of the stonework it contained, as 48 inches of stone-
work above the roofing blocks would not have been
considered, in a tomb of this description, a sufficient
safeguard against robbery.
On examining the ground beyond the western
side of the rock cutting, we came across what was
at first supposed to be the top of another tomb of
a similar description, but with a pent roof (see B,
pi. viii), the stonework rising to the west at an angle
of about 30°.
A gang of men were immediately set to the north
of this at A, to try to find an entrance passage. The
limit of stone on this side was speedily reached, and
found to be abutting against the end of a rock trench
in which it was laid. Thinking that here we had a
sloping way or shaft protected by its original filling of
stone, we started to remove the blocks which lay upon
it, but a short examination soon shewed us that
native rock lay beneath them. An interesting find
was made here of a mason's mallet wedged between
two stones, of the same pattern as those commonly
found in the xviiith dynasty and later. A wooden hoe
of the usual pattern, and a tipcat, were also found here
about 6 feet below the surface of the pyramid rubbish.
These two last could not be dated with certainty
by their form, and nothing else was found with them ;
but the mallet must be of the same date as the tomb,
say late iiird dynasty.
Work was again resumed at B to endeavour to
effect an entrance through the top of the pent roof of
our supposed tomb, but again we came to rock after
removing three courses. Similar large blocks of stone,
roughly cemented together with mortar, were then
found at C to the east of the destroyed tomb.
It will be seen from the plan, pi. viii, that these
foundations make a fairly regular square of some
1 100 inches, the centre of which is occupied by the
tomb chamber. This leaves but little doubt that they
formed part of a small pyramid, the sides of which
measured about 50 cubits, allowing a little for the
footing. As this lies between the large pyramid and
its peribolos wall, it must have been provided for a
person of royal rank.
The foundations on the west at B, which are the
best preserved on this side, must have been laid on a
slope in order to meet the thrust of the casing of the
pyramid. Its highest and western portion was only
4 inches below the desert surface, and it sloped
down to 80 inches below desert on the east. Simi-
larly the stones on the east of the tomb (c) were
also on a slope, but at a considerably lower level than
those on the west; the difference being 18-19 inches
was perhaps due to a top layer of stones having been
removed.
The entrance to this tomb, if its slope was uniform,
must have been either at the base of the pyramid
covering it, or perhaps slightly below the permanent
level.
In the course of the clearance at c a small
fragment of stone was found, shewing the legs of a
hawk cut in relief upon it. This probably formed
part of a royal stele which had been broken up in the
12
TOMBS WITHIN THE PERIBOLOS
vicinity. With the exception of this, no signs of
sculpture were observed.
The Nortliern Tomb.
24. It will be noticed in the plan of the north side
of the pyramid, pi. viii, that there is a greater space
between it and the peribolos wall than exists on the
other three sides. The presence of a royal tomb was
therefore suspected here. On the second day of our
work we came upon a sloping passage cut in the rock,
descending to the south, pi. ix (c). This gradually
widened out into a rock-cut trench, 402 inches long
and 172 inches wide, almost filled up with large
blocks of stone, cemented together with rough mortar.
On tracing the south end of this trench, which was but
roughly cut, a lintel of limestone was met with (E),
set across the breadth of the trench, its back abutting
against the rock. On clearing down the face of this,
the sides of a stone-lined passage were met with.
The end of this stone passage was obstructed at A by
a large mass of rock, and it was at first thought that
the passage ended here, and that it was either a
dummy passage to deceive plunderers, or some kind
of relieving chamber placed over the sepulchral vault.
Accordingly the stones at the northern end of the
trench F were removed at different places, in search of
a second passago or shaft ; but in every case we came
down to solid rock.
Renewed attention was then paid to the southern
end of the passage A, and a man was set to work
there in order to cut away the soft brown marl
beneath the lintel stone.
The sides of a narrow and short passage were
then traced, leading into a rough chamber to the west,
the greater part of the roof of which had fallen in, and
thus entirely blocked up the passage at A.
The floor of this chamber, as will be seen in the
plan, is considerably below that of the passage, there
being a drop here of 48 inches.
25. On the western side of the chamber there was
found an intact burial in a wooden coffin 55! inches
long and 19 inches wide (outside measurements), con-
taining a body with its head to the north, facing
east. This was lying on its left side, the legs partially
contracted, both arms drawn up, and the hands placed
before the face (see left base of pi. ix). The thickness
of the box and other details could not be observed
owing to the decayed state of the wood. The outside
measurement of the coffin was only rendered possible
owing to the sand which lay against it having become
concn ted by the action of salt.
Placed in front of the face at the east, and outside
the coffin, were seven small rough offering dishes, which
were all similar (pi. xxvi, 71). Together with these
was a large pottery jar (fig. 68), and a small cylinder
jar of pottery (fig. 69).
Scattered on the floor of the chamber, between
the coffin and the entrance, were two other jars
similar to 68, but these were too badly decayed to
be preserved or photographed. They both contained
a solid mass of resin and cloth, but no signs of any
human organ were observed in this.
Between the body and the western side of the
coffin, close to the pelvis, were six more small jars,
four of which were of cylindrical form, 69. These
held each a small quantity of a light yellowish clay.
The other two were of forms 5 1 and 70.
Unfortunately the state of the bones prevented
them from being preserved, but the lower jaw was
sound, having been protected by a lump of resin
and cloth which was found adhering to the inside
surface of the bone and teeth. No trace of this
substance was found either inside or outside of the
skull, which fell to pieces on being lifted.
The bones were also examined as far as was
possible in search of further traces of a preservative ;
but that adhering to the jaw, and the lumps found in
the two pottery jars, were all that was found.
We have therefore from this tomb distinct evidence
of attempted mummification, though how the resinous
packing was placed inside the mandible is not easy
to understand, unless the flesh was first stripped from
the bone.
26. The measurements of the chamber are 76
inches N. to S., and 91 inches E. to W. The roof
was badly broken, but I have estimated and shewn it
on the plan as being 155 inches high. The orientation
of this and the stone passage was north to south.
Before finding the chamber we had noticed on
each side of the passage, close to the lintel stone, a
vertical groove rounded inside, 7! inches wide and
6 inches deep, and extending down to the paving.
These grooves must have been cut for the purpose of
holding a portcullis, no traces of which now remain.
A slab of sufficient thickness to fit these grooves, and
yet of sufficient strength, must have been made of
granite or similar hard stone.
A large plug block of limestone, the upper part of
which has been destroyed, was found inserted in the
passage at D. This fits the entrance so well that it
was at first thought that the passage ended here, and
that a large horizontal block was laid against its
THE NORTHERN TOMB
13
ends. The depth of this plug is 15 inches at the
base.
The size of this passage was 232 inches long and
27! inches wide. The top layer of pavement blocks
was laid under its sides, and projects beyond them at
the north for 22 inches. The thickness of the upper
course of flooring is 21 inches : the base of the lower
course is doubtful, and is therefore shewn in the plan
by a broken line.
The limestone lintel was 158 inches long, 41
inches wide, and 42 inches thick at its base. The
stone was but roughly dressed, with the exception of
its underside. The top surface of the lintel measures
2o| inches wide.
The remains of a mastaba which was placed above
this tomb, were discovered amidst the fallen blocks
and chips of pyramid rubbish, beneath which it lay.
This mastaba had been almost entirely removed, and
no trace of a face was found.
A series of trenches was cut in the ground to the
east and west of this tomb in search of further remains.
Nothing more was seen to the eastward, but a long
low brick wall was found to the west, 21 inches thick,
and supported by buttresses 5 inches thick. The two
ends of this were not traced. As this lay to the east
of the entrance passage of the pyramid, another
similar wall was looked for farther west, but with no
result.
It is, however, possible that a western wall has been
destroyed, and that the two formed some kind of
gangway leading to the pyramid.
CHAPTER V
THE GREAT MASTABA, NO. 17.
By GERALD WAINWRIGHT.
27. We attacked once more the two largest
mastabas at Meydum, which until now had defied
the attempts of explorers to open them ; namely,
that known as No. 17, as it has no name upon it,
nor even a single hieroglyph, and the mastaba of
Nefermaat.
It proved a hard and long job to open No. 17, for
we had to dig the great pit shewn in pi. x, as it would
have been dangerous for the men to work in any
smaller space, owing to the continual fall of chips,
which would have blocked a smaller pit.
In going down we exposed the interesting feature
of the dry stone walls, occasionally found running
through the mass ; they were apparently limits for
successive banks of filling, and were intended to bind
the whole together, for the sake of stability.
The mastaba was composed of the clean limestone
chips from the building of the pyramid, quite white
and fresh on all^ sides, just like the filling of the
pyramid approach and the constituents of the levelled
space round the pyramid.
Besides this unvveathered chip there are strata of
the marl, which probably comes from the foundations
of the inner parts of the pyramid.
In its composition the mastaba is thus similar to
the filling of the approach and its other surroundings,
which have been shewn to be contemporary with the
building of the pyramid.
Moreover, had the mastaba been built of materials
lying about at any time after the finishing of the
pyramid, a great quantity of rubbish must have been
included, as in the case of the dummy mastabas at
Abydos {Abydos iii, p. 17) ; but this is conspicuous
by its absence. Only occasional relics of the work-
men were found in the shape of early weights, a copy
of accounts, and also many pieces of pottery.
The pottery consisted of both the long pointed
handmade vases of very rude manufacture, shallow
spouted bowls, and the curious, clumsy offering pots
figured in pi. xxvi, 65. .
The layers of the different throws are peculiarly
even, running in level lines across the mastaba.
Evidently the material was not thrown in haphazard,
but the work was so arranged, that it was piled up to
a certain height and levelled off smoothly, after which
another layer was begun on the top of that.
28. There was a curious feature about this
mastaba in that the chamber was built, and the
passage blocked with its plug stones, before the
mastaba was heaped up, as there never had been a
communication between the chamber and the outside.
A short sloping passage leads upwards from the
chamber, only to stop short in a small courtyard in
the middle of the mastaba (see pi. xii), the chip
which forms the mastaba lying over it on all sides.
It therefore looks as if the owner had died early in
its construction, and the piling up of his great
mastaba had been the first duty of the pyramid
builders. As the mastaba is placed as close as
possible to the enclosure of the pyramid it was
evidently of great importance.
When we reached the bottom, we found that a
wide excavation had been made, in which the chamber
and passages were built. The passage was roofed
14
THE GREAT MASTABA, NO. 1 7
with very large beams of stone set up on edge. After
we had broken away a hole sufficient for a man to
crawl through, we found ourselves at the north end
of a long cross passage running north and south, out
of the middle of which, at right angles, branched a
short passage, widening into a gallery, leading to a
hall of magnificent proportions, on the west side of
which opened a recess, containing the red granite
sarcophagus (pis. x, xii, xiii).
In our work of digging down through the mastaba
we had passed the abortive tunnels of thieves, but the
successful thief had plundered the tomb before its
secret had been forgotten. He knew exactly the
position of the chamber, and tunnelling from the
south end for about twenty yards from the point
nearest to the construction, he made straight for the
end of the long north and south passage, which he
struck unerringly, and forcing out one stone, apparently
by means of a charcoal fire, he entered (pi. x). The
rubbish which appears in this photograph was not
there originally, but is the result of our turning over
of the contents of the tunnel. We found a large
quantity of charcoal against the outside of the wall
at the end of the tunnel, and the stones in the
immediate neighbourhood all bore clear traces of
fire, being scorched pink and grey. There were also
a few bricks piled up against the outside of the wall,
all burnt red on the side facing the tunnel.
The robbers had forced the lid off the sarcophagus,
and had rolled it back on two masons' mallets of the
usual Egyptian shape. The one still under the lid
was as hard as stone from the pressure and the salt
with which it was saturated.
The lever with which the lid was forced off was
found at the north end of the chamber ; it is merely
a sont (acacia) branch about 6 feet long and about
2\ inches diameter, sharpened at the end to a chisel
edge. Mr. Ayrton tells me this is just what was used
for the same purpose in the tomb of Horemheb at
Thebes.
There were two curious loose blocks of limestone
in the tomb ; one in the north and south passage, as
it were a seat against the wall. This had doubtless
been originally against the sarcophagus, like the other
block now standing in that position, so that the lid
could be laid upon them before sliding it on to the
sarcophagus. This latter stone appeared, from the
angle of the lid above it, to have been used later by
the thieves as a fulcrum for the lever.
29. Unfortunately the thieves had scattered every-
thing ; all the vases (pi. xxvi, 76, 77, 79-82), except
one big one, were lying in the north and south
passage, between the mouth of the gallery leading to
the burial chamber and the south end of the passage,
where the thieves had entered.
A few black mud stoppers were found of the usual
conical shape, but none of them bore any inscriptions.
At the north end of the hall we found a single
large vase (xxvi, 78), several ox-bones, and four
model copper axeheads (pi. xi, bottom). In front
of the coffin were lying many fragments of gold foil,
several copper rods and model chisels, and another
piece of ox-bone.
In the south end of the hall nothing was found :
evidently the ransacking and division had taken place
in the north half.
In the sarcophagus all was confusion ; the body
had been broken up, and searched, in the part ex-
posed by the diagonal rolling off of the lid, and
among the human bones which we removed from
the sarcophagus were found a portion of a breastbone,
the skull, and two other pieces of bone of a large
bird, perhaps a goose, and part of a skull of a much
smaller bird, perhaps a pigeon. This latter was not
white, as were the others, but grey.
On examining the contents of the sarcophagus
we were able to extract sufficient material to shew
the nature of the burial (see pi. xi). There was
apparently no wooden coffin inside the sarcophagus,
for although a number of pieces of wood were found
lying with the body, they appeared too fragile to
belong to a coffin, but were probably parts of a small
box ; none of the prepared pieces being over 13 inches
long or yjy inch thick. Nor does there appear to have
been room in the sarcophagus for a coffin, the hollow
being 6x2x2 feet, or, more exactly, 73*25 x 235
x 23-6 inches ; yet three of the pieces were exactly
of the shape and size of the later coffin tenons, and
one still had the cross-grain of the box-side, in which
it had been inserted, adhering to it.
30. The body was buried with wooden model
insignia (see pi. xi, bottom), consisting of a mace and
two crooks, of one of which only a portion remained.
The sticks were apparently of cedar, and the crooks
of sycomore, not bent round, but cut out of a straight
board. The crook in one case was painted yellow ;
the other was too perished to shew any traces of
colour. They were 208 inches — 1 cubit — in length, over
all. There was also with the body a wood carving of
the pendent tag of the kilt, 73 inches long, and the
knot, 4-4 inches long, with which the kilt had been
represented as fastened. From the thickness of cloth
THE UNFLESHED SKELETON
15
on the neck, the dead man had evidently been
restored to his living shape, as had Ranefer, and he
had been dressed with wooden models of the fastenings
of the clothes, as had Nefermaat.
The condition of the body itself is of great
interest, as although most of the wrappings had
gone to dust, yet a considerable quantity remained
in situ, strong enough to bear handling and ex-
amination. The main examples were on the left
radius and ulna, which still bore wrappings to the
thickness of about half an inch, and on the neck
vertebrae wrappings about 1 inch thick still remained.
On examination of the left radius and ulna, it was
found that no particle of flesh or skin intervened
anywhere between the wrappings and the bones,
the linen lying directly on the bare bone. The two
bones were correctly adjusted, and had been wrapped
as one, the linen being so well wadded between them
as absolutely to touch and to give the idea that each
had been wrapped separately. There were also
scraps of linen adhering in the hollows of the wrist
sockets, and on the bearings of the elbow joint.
The right humerus still preserved bandages all
over the joint, while the left humerus also had a
quantity of thick bandages on it.
Many of the other bones also shewed clearly
remains of linen adhering directly to the bone
itself.
Out of 17 vertebrae found loose, 6 had clear
traces of woven stuff in between the processes.
As the head still had the neck vertebrae adhering
to it, it was possible to check this, and it was found
that the bandages were wound round and round the
bare bones, wadded between them, and completely
in between the processes, to form with the bones a
solid mass ; thus restoring the original form to the
neck (pi. xi, 4).
The backbone had evidently not been taken to
pieces in order to unflesh each vertebra separately,
as a twisted black-brown substance, looking like
dried glue, ran through the vertebrae, no doubt the
dried spinal cord. Moreover, had the backbone been
taken to pieces, the wrappings would not have been
merely wedged in between the vertebrae, but each
vertebra would have been wrapped separately.
The sacrum also had a considerable quantity of
linen remaining on the bare bone, both on the
concave and convex sides, and four of its holes were
still blocked up with cloth wads.
The sacrum had been taken from the backbone,
and wrapped separately, for linen remained on the
articular surface of its base. In some of the crevices
a stain resembling a dried splash of varnish was
observed, doubtless the remains of tissue imperfectly
removed.
On both shoulder-blades the linen was adhering
to both sides, and in the case of the left one it still
remained inside the hollow of the socket.
On the right blade a small patch of varnish-like
tissue was observable, to which the linen had
stuck.
Both the collar-bones had wrappings adhering
directly to them, and the sternum had linen on
the inside and outside, as well as in each of the
clavicular hollows.
Of the 40 ribs and fragments of ribs discovered : —
12 shew linen on the concave side,
12 „ „ „ convex „ only,
16 „ no sign whatever.
40
Of the 40 bones of the hands and feet found : —
13 have linen inside the joint,
7 „ „ elsewhere, but not inside the joint,
20 „ no linen at all on them.
40
As we found a small fragment of compressed
bandages, which shewed the marks of three fingers
without any signs of the bones or joints, it is evident
that the finger bones were built up again in their
original arrangement, that each finger was bandaged
separately, and finally that the whole reconstructed
hand was bandaged as one.
One of the knee-caps had linen inside the cap,
while the other shewed no trace anywhere.
The wrappings of the leg bones had fallen to
powder, which made a big heap all over the bones.
There was therefore nothing to be observed from
them, except that they also were quite clean.
A noticeable feature was that the penis had been
cut off and bandaged separately (pi. xi, 5).
We now come to the head, which presents some
strange details. Skin was clearly observable, as a
pale brown parchment on the cheeks, and scalp,
on which last there was a considerable quantity of
curly black or very dark brown hair. But the skin
had been removed from the brow all round the
eyes.
There was no trace of the dried-up eyes in
the eye-sockets, which had been filled level with
i6
THE GREAT MASTABA, NO. 17
the eyebrow by a ball of paste. This paste had been
pressed into a strip of linen loosely passing over
the sockets, after which the head had been bandaged
in the usual way. One of these plugs from the
eye-socket is shewn on pi. xi, 5, after it had been
removed from the head, with the convex lump of
paste upwards.
The septum of the nose had not been broken
to extract the brain, yet the skull was absolutely
empty. The brain can therefore only have been
removed through the foramen magnum, when the
head was taken off for the preparation of the body.
It was bandaged separately from the backbone, for
linen adhered to the condyles ; the two being again
adjusted before the final wrapping.
The lower jaw had been tightly bandaged round
and round, the bandages passing right over the
teeth, shewing that it must have been taken off and
wrapped separately. It shewed no trace of flesh.
The mouth was filled with a twisted-up pad of
linen, visible in front of the vertebrae in the mass,
pi. xi, 4.
The skull measurements are : —
Length, glabella .
mm.
. I87
„ ophryon .
. 186
Breadth, max.
141
„ bi-auricular
Il8
„ bi-zygomatic
123
Height
I4O
Basi-nasal length .
99
Basi-alveolar .
87
Nasi-alveolar .
79
Nasal height .
59
Nasal width .
24
Nasion to chin
127
Jaw length
119
„ breadth at joint
121
„ breadth at base
IOI
Nose deflected to the left.
Orbits isolated from both I
Drow and
nose (pi. xi,
>. 2, 3)-
1 molar slightly decayed.
The long-bone measurement
s in milliin
etrcs are : —
Right
Left.
Humerus . 329
326 (en
d damaged)
Radius. . . 262
257
Ulna ... 286
281
Femur. . (broker
1) 466
Tibia . . 398
399
Fibula. . . 395
3«
76
The three packages which were found in the
sarcophagus were examined by Dr. Ruffer, Director
.of the Quarantine Dept. Alexandria, who reports
the contents to be only vegetable matter. Parallel
to this is his report, that the packages, which were
returned to the body, generally contain only a part
of the organ, the rest of the package being filled
out with vegetable matter and mud.
There was no special place in the tomb for the
reception of the intestines, nor were any found apart
from these packages. One of the packages is shewn
on pi. xi, 5.
The bones and critical examples of the wrappings
are placed in the Ethnographical Department of the
British Museum.
The wrappings are of fine gauze, soft and smooth
as silk, measuring on the warp and woof: —
155 x 60 threads to the inch.
102 68
140 60
128 73
123 62
A few fragments of very coarse loosely woven
cloth were also found in the coffin.
Samples of the bandages were submitted to Mr.
Midgley of Bolton, who pronounced them all to be of
flax.
No signs of a headrest were discovered.
The tomb stood open for some time after it had
been rifled, as the sloughs of two snakes were left
here, after their owners had cast them and gone away
again.
31. The sarcophagus was of red granite, of very
massive construction, with a cover of the usual early
shape (pi. x, 4). The workmanship is fine ; the
accuracy of the flatness of the interior having an aver-
age error of not more than '025 inch over a surface of
about 6x2 feet, and even this variation is in large
wide curves. Over the smaller area at the ends, about
2x2 feet, the average error drops to only -02 inch.
The interior surface is hammer-dressed and parti-
ally polished, bearing numerous signs of working
with a copper or bronze tool.
The perpendicular inner edges are drilled, while
the edges between the bottom and the sides are
hammered out, the angles not being sharp, but wide
and rounded.
The exterior, though quite smooth, is not so
carefully worked as the interior. A great chip has
been knocked off one corner of the sarcophagus,
DIMENSIONS
'7
apparently in lowering it into place, as it has been
cleared away.
The stones of which the chamber is built were
smoothed by scraping with a flint scraper, the long
sweeping marks and minute ridges being distinctly
visible on examination. They had been tried by
placing upon them a true surface, covered with red
paint, and then smoothing off the high parts, which
had been touched by the paint.
The walls (pi. x, 5) are perfectly plain and un-
inscribed. They shew many bad places, which have
been stopped up with plaster. The stones of the
walls were built up while still rough, and dressed
down in place, for most of the end stones in the
courses turn the corner, by about 7 inch, shewing that
this amount has been dressed off them.
The rounded corners of two of the doorways,
which are an unusual feature, were also worked after
the chamber was built, for the vertical guiding lines
in red paint are still visible.
The two blocks of limestone standing in the tomb
are hammer-dressed, none of the corners being sharp,
nor do they bear signs of any cutting tool upon them.
32. The measurements of the different parts of
the building (see pi. xiii), with the length of the cubit
deducible from them, are as follows : —
N. and S. ( length (without")
passage I entrance) ./
width .
height .
distance from N.-\
Cubit length
in inches.
Short
passage
Gallery
Hall
Recess
end of N. & S
passage
[ distance from S.
endofN.&S.
passage .
length .
width .
length .
width .
height .
length N. E.
„ S.E.
„ N.W.
„ s.w.
total length .
„ width .
height .
length .
wall
3 2063
2 20-65
7 2079
4 20-60
A\ 2078
4 20-55
20-63
20-83
20-57
20-61
20-59
9\ 20-74
6 20-59
Cubit length
Inches.
in
inches.
Recess .
depth .
. 82-6 to -7
4 x 20*65
height .
• 93'3 to -7
4*
20-78
Roofing
jlength
block
. 218-0
height .
• 103-6
5
20-72
thickness
. 50-0
Coffin
length, out .
» in .
. 90-7 to -g
■ 73'2
•
breadth, out
. 62-4
3
20-80
„ in .
. 22-2
height, out .
• 39-2 to -7
,, in .
• 23-5
Coffin lid
length,
width .
length of ends
. 91-2
. 56-5
. 126 and 7
thickness of ends 140 to -3
Two loosel
blocks
rheight
. 366 and -8
breadth
. 20-8 and -4/
. 15-1 and 2
20-80
thickness
20-40
On giving the longer lengths the greater value for
the cubit, the average cubit is 20-67 inches ; or aver-
aging all the instances alike it is 20-67 inches likewise.
The western wall of the hall was composed of twelve
courses of stone, varying in thickness from 14-0 inches
to 17-2 inches. They evidently could not be exactly
three-quarters of a cubit each, because they were
obliged to make up the g\ cubits, which was the
height of the wall.
The survey mark (pi. vi, 23) is one of a pair,
painted in red on the north wall of the courtyard
surrounding the mouth of the tomb.
The bricks from the back of the false door on the
eastern face of the mastaba are large and well made,
the sides being flat and fairly regular. Some were
measured, and they read as follows :—
iSi J
< 7l x
5 inches
1 si
7\
4* to 5
1 si
7\
4i
16
7fto8
5 to5f
i6i
71
4l
16
8| to 8f
Si
This last is very irregular, and when turned over
and measured on the other side, it reads : —
15^ x 7 x 5 J inches
This tapering must be due to the mould being
IS
THE MASTABA OF NEFERMAAT
sloped in order to detach it the more easily in making
the brick.
The size of these bricks was evidently intended to
be j x f x \ cubit
CHAPTER VI
THE MASTABA OF NEFERMAAT.
By GERALD WAWWRIGHT.
33. In the latter part of the season we renewed
the search in the already well-tunnelled mastaba of
Nefermaat, and after seven weeks' work we came upon
the masonry. Our search was carried out by sinking
a large pit, and by branching tunnels along the sur-
face of the rock ; these ran below the 16 feet of mud,
topped with sand, of which the mastaba is composed.
We at last found the rock pit ; it was choked with
great masses of roughly squared stones, each about
5x3x2 feet, and all filled up solid with mud. On
reaching the bottom of the pit, we traced along the
south side, expecting to find a passage leading to a
chamber, as in the case of the western tombs and
the mastabas of Rahotep and Ranefer. The pit was
34 feet north of the false door (see pi. iii), and a
passage such as in these other tombs would bring the
chamber into the usual place, just behind the false
door.
But when we had tunnelled along the floor of the
pit through the mud for 33 feet, we found its south-
western angle, but no passage. It then became
evident that we had to do with a great pit sunk in
the rock (sec pi. iv) with a chamber built in it, like
mastaba No. 17. Upon learning this we tunnelled
across the pit northward from the middle of the south
side, and very shortly found smoothly laid stones
above our heads.
These proved to be the floor of the tomb chamber,
which was at last discovered. We were the first to
enter it since it was closed on the day of the burial.
Therefore presumably we ought to have found the
burial of one of the greatest dignitaries of the iiird
dynasty, intact ; but before closing the chamber the
workmen had broken up the coffin, and rifled the
contents. However, on gathering up the remains,
they proved to be of importance.
34. The floor of the chamber was covered with
the mud which had run in from the original filling up
of the well. It must have been mixed very liquid,
from the even consistency, and also from the ease
with which it had poured through the joints of the
stone-blocked doorway into the chamber, and entered
every nook and corner. Where it lay nearest to
the door it was 20 inches deep.
Partly in the mud and partly sticking out of it,
the skeleton was lying, on its back, with feet to the
south, on a piece of board against the west wall of
the tomb, dragged towards the south corner.
This board was no doubt part of the coffin, and
from most of the bones lying upon it they had been
preserved in place. The right tibia and foot were
broken to pieces, as also the right radius. Two of
the finger bones were found some distance off, by the
head. The head had been dragged off, cracked to
pieces, and stood up against the west wall about 2 feet
away from the shoulders. The wrappings had entirely
disappeared from the parts which lay above the mud,
owing to the decay in air and moisture, though
they remained on the under side from the surface of
the mud downwards. This is the extent of the
damage the body had suffered.
The wooden coffin had been smashed to pieces,
and fragments were found in every direction.
The burial was a difficult one to examine because
of the disappearance of the greater part of the
bandages, and because of the mud in which every-
thing was caked, and which had even penetrated in
between the bones and their wrappings.
The bandages stuck much more tightly to the
mud with which they were encased than to the bones,
hence it was impossible to remove bone and bandages
together. But as in the candlelight the magnifying
glass did not shew any sign of flesh or skin, we re-
moved samples of the wrappings, taking care to see
that nothing but clean bone was left, and submitted
them to Dr. Ruffer for examination, and he reports
that he could find no trace of flesh or skin on any of
the pieces.
The condition of the skeleton confirms this, for
the mud had oozed into every cranny between the
separate bones, shewing that when this occurred — at
the closing of the tomb — there was no skin or flesh to
stop it.
Though the right humerus was still in its place in
the socket of the shoulder-blade, yet the mud had
worked its way into the socket.
The left humerus was covered with mud, which
shewed on the outside traces of bandages, between
which and the bone no trace of animal tissue was ob-
servable. The mud on the other (outer) side of this
shoulder-blade bore distinct marks of the warp and
woof of the bandages.
THE UNFLESHED SKELETON
19
The hollow of the chest had evidently been filled
up with pads, of which we found the dust still in situ ;
but where the dust did not reach — just below the
left shoulder — the mud had encased the ribs inside
and out, so that the whole space between any two
was full of mud, which also lay over and under them.
A piece of mud from inside the ribs still bore a
piece of linen, which had been pressed in between
them to a depth of "4 or '5 inch.
On the backbone the mud was thickly caked on
to the bare bone in every crevice, especially between
the processes ; it had even penetrated in between
many of the vertebrae.
All the holes of the sacrum were filled up flush
with the mud, which was well caked on to the bare
bone itself, both on the convex and concave sides.
Both the sockets in the pelvis were lined with mud,
though the femora were still inserted in them. The
mud was caked tightly on to these bones.
The ankle bones were completely coated with mud,
and mud was found on the joints of all the toe bones
observed.
The pieces of the right tibia had a row of shallow
holes bored down the middle of each.
It is therefore perfectly clear that, as in the case
of burial of No. 17, the body of Nefermaat had been
unfleshed before wrapping. But in Nefermaat's case
apparently each bone had not been wrapped separ-
ately before the final bandaging, as No. 17 had been,
but the skeleton seems to have been bandaged as a
whole. For there was no sign of bandages on any of
the balls of the different bones, nor was there any im-
press of woven stuff on the mud from the sockets ;
though a scrap of material of the same fine quality as
that of No. 17 was adhering to the mud on the right
femur, and it was too fine to mark the mud with its
texture.
The sacrum had not been carefully prepared, as
had that of No. 17, as none of its holes had been filled
up with wads of stuff ; and in addition the left
shoulder-blade bore, all along the lower edge of the
side against the ribs, remains of woven material, just
as if the bandages had been tucked in between the
bone and the ribs.
The only exception to this appearance of ban-
daging as a whole was in the case of the clavicular
hollows. These were filled with mud and had woven
stuff still in them.
Another possible exception was in the case of the
right femur. There the mud, which was \ inch thick
on the bone behind the knee-joint, bore the impress
of some tightly strained substance, which appeared to
have been brought round from the front, in between
the two condyles, and to have been met by a bandage,
which had been wound round the knee.
But as the cast could not be distinctly traced
between the condyles, it is quite possible that this is
only the cast of the wrappings of the whole skeleton.
The spinal cord had not been removed from the
backbone, as the mud did not fill the whole channel,
but left an oval space, now practically empty ; thus
agreeing with No. 17, whose spinal cord was left.
The head was cracked in all directions, and very
rotten, but it was possible to see that it had been
bandaged with very fine linen of the same quality
as-; No. 17, in a thin layer about 1 inch thick.
Between the bandages and the skull there was a
thin layer of greenish brown matter, which no doubt
represented skin, though no hair was visible.
The brain had apparently not been removed, for
the mud inside the skull was resting on a brown
matter with a rucked surface. This brown matter
had gone to powder, but had left a cast of its
surface on the mud.
The sockets of the eyes were quite filled with a
substance retaining the appearance of eyeballs, even
to the pupil. This substance was of a gritty nature.
There were no signs of the lower jaw having
been bandaged separately as in No. 17.
Thus the treatment of the head was quite different
from that of No. 17.
35. We now see that the pre-dynastic custom of
dismemberment {Naqada, pp. 30-33, also found at
Abydos by Mr. Dixon), to which reference is so often
made in the Book of the Dead (chs. xliii B, lxiv,
ex), and which still continued in the vth dynasty
{Deshasheh, ch. v, pi. xxxvii), was practised on the
princes of the iiird dynasty. The custom was
applied to extended burials at Deshasheh ; and here
we see that Nefermaat was extended, and also the
burial of No. 17, both from the length of the coffin,
and from the fact of the mummy being dressed in
a kilt with wooden tie.
Thus early Egypt is no exception to the widely
spread custom among primitive people of skeleton-
izing the dead before final burial.
This custom, or scarnitura, as it is called in Italy,
appears to have originated in Neolithic times and
to have continued into the early Bronze or Copper
Age. It is found in Italy, " in Sicily, Sweden, in
the dolmens of Denmark, in the Long and Round
Barrows of Great Britain, in the Crimea, in the
20
THE MASTABA OF NEFERMAAT
dolmens of Algeria, possibly in France, in the
kurgans of the province of Kiev in Russia, in
Switzerland, in the Nile valley, and at Palaikastro
in East Crete" (Peet, Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy,
172 ; Annual of Brit. Sc/wol at At/tens, viii, 292).
It is also found in modern times among the
Latookas of the Albert Nyanza country, where the
decomposition of the flesh is effected by means of
a primary burial for a short time, after which the
bones are dug up, and cleaned, and then disposed
of finally (Baker, Albert Nyanza, i, 209).
The custom appears to be a very general accom-
paniment of burial in a contracted position (cf.
Peet, Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy, pp. 170 et
seqq.).
36. Of the wooden coffin we found ample remains.
Six pieces of curved bars of oval section up
to 26 inches long, such as were found in
Rahotep's chamber.
A board shaped at the edge to fit the curve
of the bars, apparently the end of the lid.
Several pieces of board about 1 inch thick
and 16 inches long, similar to the piece
of board on which the skeleton lay ; some
rebated on the edge, and some with colour
and dowel holes on the edge.
Five pieces of large heavy planks 2 to 2\
inches thick.
The curved bars had been cut out of a much
larger plank. They had not been bent, nor were they
small branches of the approximate curve cut to shape ;
for the grain was perfectly straight and did not follow
the curve. Each bore several pairs of dowel holes,
and running between the members of each pair was
a slot. This slot suggests that the component parts
were first tied together with strips of leather or
topper, the strips passing through the dowel
holes and lying in the slots. After the tying
a dowel was driven through each of the holes, in
which the ties already were, thus pinning the parts
together and firmly securing the ties. This method
of joinery was usual in the 1st dynasty {Royal Tombs,
ii, xli, 57), and is seen in many of the later coffins,
such as the vth dynasty coffin from Deshasheh,
No. 1402 in the Cairo Museum Guide, and the xiith
dynasty coffin of Amcnemhat, No. 23 in the Guide
(Nos. 28091 and 2 in the Cairo Museum Catalogue).
These bars were very uniformly made, there being
no appreciable difference in the diameter of five of them;
the other was 2 inch bigger. They were flattened
on the convex- side, so they were evidently used inside
the cover, which must have presented the appearance
of the granite cover of No. 17 (pi. x).
Three of the large pieces of plank were worked.
One had a diagonal groove cut in it, for a cross-piece
4 inches wide and \ inch thick, with a dowel hole
\ inch diameter for fastening the two together.
Another had a large dowel driven in obliquely, and
the third had a mortice cut in it 1 inch wide and
more than 4 inches deep.
Other objects found were: —
A piece of board with two dowel holes,
curved on top, but the curve does not fit
that of the coffin bars.
A piece of wood some 4 inches wide and
2 inches thick, hollowed out, bearing a little
red colour on the perfect side. It was
ornamented on the end with narrow parallel
ridges crossed by a smooth surface of wood.
Another piece similarly hollowed out, and
similarly ornamented, but on the top ; as
there was only 'i inch difference in the butt
end on each of these, it looks as if they had
formed part of a box, one being the cover
of the other.
A fragment of the pendent end of the kilt, also
in wood as No. 17.
A wooden " kherp " complete, exactly like the
representations, the head being very thin. It
measured 30'5 inches in length, the handle
being 21 inches long and the blade 9^5 inches.
The width of the blade was 2 inches, while
its thickness was only -15 inch. The dia-
meter of the stick was "5 inch.
A thin bent piece of wood, carefully shaped,
about 10 inches long, but broken, and
shewing a double curve. Originally the
object must have been bent in the middle,
the one end which remains being also bent
inwards. It now looks like the remains of
a model bow.
Between the skeleton and the skull lay the
remains of the wooden pillow, broken in
several pieces. The pillar was of oval section,
quite straight-sided, and with no flutings on
it. It had no well-defined capital, but the
crescent was thickened to receive its tang.
The pillar was also tenoned into the base.
There were also many chips of pottery, repre-
senting at least fifteen different vases.
The mud round the skeleton was full of scraps
of charcoal.
THE TOMB CHAMBER
21
Remains of fine cloth were found, and also a
few threads of a much coarser material, both
just as in No. 17 ; suggesting that the whole
bandaged figure had had a coarser outer
shroud.
From the walled-up recess in the south wall came: —
Some pieces of board about f inch thick, neatly
shot at the edges ; evidently from some
small box.
A small shield-shaped piece of wood with
dowel holes in it, which apparently had
been used for patching a bad place in the
coffin.
A largish piece of wood, bearing a dovetail
17 inch wide.
And a small twist of fairly fine linen.
But no signs of embalmed organs were found,
here or anywhere else.
37. The tomb chamber, as remarked above, was
built at the bottom of a large pit, sunk in the rock. It
was comparatively small, and did not nearly fill up its
pit as did the chamber of No. 17. Neither was there
any system of galleries and hall, but merely the plain
chamber with a blocked passage leading away from it
to the north. From the east end of the south wall
opened a large recess, almost a small chamber, raised
40 inches from the ground. This had been walled
up, but the top stone had been pulled out, and was
lying on the ground. A curious feature of the con-
struction was, that the floor of the whole burial
chamber was laid on a foundation of mud about 3 feet
thick in the bottom of the pit. Unfortunately the
section in pi. iv cannot be guaranteed as regards the
thickness of this mud, as it was not accurately
observed. It made a very good foundation, for
neither the walls nor floor had got out of position.
The construction differed from that of No. 17 just as
much as the plan, for the roof was composed of five
overlapping courses, the top pair of which meeting
in the middle formed the apex ; the roof ridge run-
ning from north to south. In this respect it resembles
the tomb chamber in the Meydum pyramid, and in
the tombs of Rahotep and Ranefer.
It resembles No. 17 in being quite plain and
uninscribed, but in masonry it is very inferior, both
as regards the smoothness of the stones and the care
of the stone-laying.
A stone was missing from the lowest course of the
east side, and was not found in the tomb.
The measurements of the chamber, and the cubit
deducible from them, are given below, but the result
cannot be very exact owing to the roughness of the
work.
Cubit length
Inches. in inches.
Chamber length . . . 121*5 20*25
width . . . 8o*6 20*15
Door width . . .31*8 21*20
height . . .83*5 20*88
Recess width . . . 30*4 20*26
depth . . . 60*9 20*30
height . . .620 2066
Wall height . . .1017 20*34
Roof perpendicular height . 93*5 2077
Average length of cubit deducible 20*54
The skew position of the pit is so strange, that it
will be well to remark that its place was carefully
ascertained by protracting the east face by means of a
line of candles out through our tunnel into the open
air. The line was then sighted back along the surface
of the mastaba, and the distance of the south-east
corner of the pit on the lower line was measured
back on the upper line, from the mark which had
been carried up to it by means of a plumb-line. The
position of the walls of the pit was then laid out on
the surface.
Next the axis of the mastaba was laid out true, by
clearing the corners, protracting the east and west
faces clear of the rubbish accumulated against the
north and south faces, and by measuring the distance
between them at each end ; this giving the width of
the mastaba. To get the axis each of these widths
was halved, and each of the resulting points was
sighted up on to the top of the mastaba, when the
axis was staked out all down the middle of the
mound. Owing to the dilapidation of the sides of the
mastaba, the only definitely fixed point obtainable
along the axis was that at which it was cut by a line
drawn through the axis of the passage of the false
door. Working on this as zero, offsets were then
made to the various necessary points, which had been
laid out on the surface. It had to be presumed that
all four corners of the pit were right angles, as it was
impossible to measure them. On pi. iii only the
south half of the mastaba, that which contains the
pit, is shewn.
The brick skin of the mastaba was very loosely
laid, there being wide spaces between the bricks not
always filled with mortar. The courses were kept
very regular, although there were two sizes of bricks
used. The bricks were of just the same quality and
appearance as those of No. 17, though smaller.
22
THE GREAT WESTERN TOMBS
Their measurements are : —
g\ x 4$ x 3 inches
ii x 5i x 3 J
9* 4i 3
ii 5i 3i
9i 5 3*
ii 5? 3
91 4} 3
12 5i 3±
9* 4* 3i
38. During the course of the work we came upon
various poor burials of late date, mostly of the xxiind-
dynasty period. In the rubbish filling of the
approach to the pyramid we found several group
burials of poor xxiind-dynasty type. They were
found in chambers at the bottom of deep pits. At
the top of the shaft in each case was a thick layer
of bones ; those examined were ox-bones, presumably
the remains of the funeral sacrifices.
In exposing the pyramid face, wc found burials
in reed or palmstick mats. These also were proved
to be of xxiind-dynasty period, by the few beads that
were found with them. Two of these burials consisted
only of the skull and long bones.
In this rubbish piled against the pyramid we
found a little Ptah-seker figure and a broken Isis,
both of xxiind-dynasty workmanship. These came
from the highest part of the rubbish, just below the
present surface, shewing the rubbish to have been
practically as high in the xxiind dynasty as it is
to-day.
In Nefermaat's mastaba we found a grave had
been scooped out in the eastern side, in which was
buried a woman with her head to the east. In a small
chamber at right angles from the south side of this
grave was a child, with whom were buried the doll,
sacred eyes, green beads with blue spots on a white
ground, and the Bes pot, which are figured in
pi. xxviii, 135-139, and also two bracelets consisting
of simple pieces of bronze wire about "2 inch in
diameter, bent round, the ends overlapping a little.
In the north end of the mastaba a similar hole had
been made, in which three mummies of the Persian
period were found (pi. xix, 9).
CHAPTER VII
THE GREAT WESTERN TOMBS.
By ERNEST MACKA Y.
39. At the west of the pyramid, just over two
hundred yards away, are three large stone-lined
tombs of the iiird dynasty, two of which, B and C
in pis. xv, xvi, had been reused in the xxiind
dynasty.
The three tombs are identical in design as
regards their interior stonework, but the middle
tomb A differs from its fellows B and C in the entrance
to its passage, which is formed by a rectangular brick-
lined shaft, whereas B and C are approached by a
wide sloping path cut in the rock.
The entrances of the latter tombs were intended
to be, or had actually been, closed by large limestone
plug-blocks, exactly fitting the passages. The first plug
was slipped down until it abutted against the step
H (pi. xv), which prevented it from sliding into the
chamber and damaging the body. Additional blocks
were then slid down against this, until the passage
was completely full. An illustration of one such
plug-block in position, shewn by a model, will be
seen in pi. xiv, 5. This was evidently considered
at this period the most effectual way of sealing large
tombs, for the same idea can be seen in a tomb at
the S.W. corner of the pyramid (pi. ix), and in the
passage of mastaba No. 17. The southernmost tomb,
C, had one of its plug-blocks lying just outside the
entrance of its passage in a badly battered condition,
but no traces of blocks were found in or about
the northern tomb B.
The middle tomb, A, seems to have been closed by
filling up the shaft and passage with large irregular
blocks of stone united together with rough cement.
This is indicated by three large pieces of stone found
adhering to the pavement of the passage, close to its
mouth.
No traces of mastabas or tomb chapels were found
above these tombs, though the ground was carefully
searched for evidence of them. Probably super-
structures were either not thought necessary, or some
trouble such as a political change prevented the
relatives of the dead from erecting the usual
mastaba.
After the passages and chambers of all three
tombs had been cleared and measured, special
attention was paid to tomb A in order to learn
something of its construction, and this will be dealt
with first.
40. Tomb A (pi. xv). This grave was built in a
rectangular rock-cut trench, 1020 inches long by
261 inches wide (50 x I2| cubits). The entrance
to the passage was reached by a brick-lined well,
80 inches long and 42 inches wide at the north.
The top portion of this brick-lining is 8 inches wider
at the south than at the north, owing to a bulge in
DIMENSIONS
23
the shaft on its eastern side. The thickness of the
brickwork here, and on the other three sides, is
14 inches.
Inserted in the shaft on the south side, just above
the stone breastwork, are five or six pieces of flat
stone projecting in a diagonal line so as to form
steps from E to w. These were provided for the
purpose of descent as far as the top stone of the
breastwork, the batter and projections of which
afford excellent footholds for bare feet.
The depth of the shaft at the north to the
beginning of the stone paving of the passage is
238 inches. The passage and chamber, which were
empty, were measured to the tenth of an inch to
test accuracy of work ; but though the joints of the
stonework were closely set, yet errors of half an
inch and more in the construction of the chamber
were frequent. To the casual eye, however, the
stonework and general finish of the tomb were every-
thing that could be desired. The walls were of
four courses, and had been trimmed and squared
after erection, the corners shewing a slight round-
ness due to this. The roofing blocks numbered
six in all, and were not set at right angles to
the wall, though their joints were very good.
The reason of this is perhaps due to the walls
of the chamber having been finished before the
roofing was lowered into position.
The measurements of this tomb and its passage
are as follows : —
Passage: i94'o inches long at top, 54-8 inches in
rectangular height.
Width of passage at north end 41*3 top, 4T2 bottom,
middle 413 „ 4r8 „
south end 41-8 „ 413 „
Depth of step at H, 283.
Cliamber : length at west, 1022 T, 1027 B.
Height of N.W. corner, 71-6; height of S.W.
corner, 72' 1.
Breadth of chamber at north, 71*8 T, 72*4 B.
Breadth of chamber at south, 7 14 T, 71 -5 B.
Wall on north, 308 T, 31T B; on south, 44-8 T,
44-9 B.
Length of recess at south, 42-2 T, 415 B.
Width „ „ 26-6 T, 265 B.
Height „ „ 36-9 E, 36-5 W.
Height of chamber at N.E. corner, 738 ; S.E.
corner, 73-4.
It will be noticed on the plan (pi. xv) that the
passage and chamber are not laid centrally in the
axis of the rock cutting, but that between the chamber
and the cutting a greater space exists on the eastern
side than on the west. This led us to suppose that
perhaps an additional apartment, or serdab chamber,
might have been built in here. Some of the large
irregular blocks of stone which filled this space there-
fore were removed at E in search of this, but with
negative results, after penetrating below the level of
the pavement of the burial chamber (pi. xv).
These rough limestone blocks of filling were
completely bedded with a thick layer of rough brown
mortar. Many of them were marked in red with
a sign similar to that in the graffiti 2, 3, and 4, pi. v,
resembling a dad sign with three bars instead of
the usual four.
As the greater space on the eastern side of this
tomb was not explained by our cutting at E, we then
cleared the face of the breastwork east of the shaft.
The face of this was protected by a thick mass of
large stones regularly cemented together (g), extend-
ing nearly to the end of the cutting at the north and
slightly beyond the axis of the trench at the west.
Rock, however, was reached here at 168 inches down,
with no signs of a second shaft or passage. What the
builders' idea was of putting this solid stone filling
here is not easily understood, especially when we
take into account that the remaining space of the
cutting at the west was merely filled with sand and
gravel. The exposed face of this filling, that is the
western side, is smooth, shewing that it had not been
disturbed in later times.
41. Tomb B (pi. xv). The construction of this
tomb was the same as that of A, with the exception
that the entrance to it was by means of a sloping
pathway from the north instead of a brick-lined
shaft.
The measurement of the rock cutting in which
this tomb was built, from its northern side to the
stone breastwork at the south, was 522 inches ; its
breadth from the western side to the stone walling at
the east, 99 inches. The total length and width. of the
trench were not ascertained. It will be seen from
the plan of this tomb that the same peculiar feature
of a stone wall filling up the greater part of the trench
exists in this tomb as well as that of A. No attempt
was, however, made here to ascertain the reason,
as tomb A shewed only solid filling in at the side.
The length and breadth of the passage leading to
the chamber were 194-5 by 41'S inches. The chamber
measured 1033 inches long, 71-5 inches wide, and 732
inches high ; the recess, 41 2 inches long, 266 inches
FAR WESTERN TOMBS
broad, and 358 inches high. There were found in the
chamber when opened three xxiind dynasty burials
placed in extended positions in rough wooden coffins,
set with their heads to the entrance. On one of the
bodies were found a few rough green glazed cylinder
beads.
42. Tomb C (pi. xv, and entrance xiv, bottom).
This, it will be seen, is similar to tomb B, the length
of the trench being the same. A stone walling was
found also on the east, the distance from this to the
western side of the trench being 124 inches instead
of 99 inches.
The measurements of passage and chamber are as
follows : —
Passage : 1942 inches long, 415 wide, 40*5 high.
Chamber: 1028 „ „ 75 „ 73-6 „
Recess: 413 „ „ 267 „ 370 „
The chamber and passage contained 1 1 burials
of the xxiind dynasty, one being that of a small
child with a shell girdle round its waist. Some of
the bodies were placed in rough coffins, the wood
of which had badly decayed. Owing to the space
in the chamber being limited, it was not found
possible to place more than three burials inside it,
so the remaining eight were placed in pairs up the
passage.
In the recess at the south of the chamber there
was placed a quantity of broken bones together with
a few pieces of charcoal, possibly the remains of the
original burial.
One of the plug-blocks of limestone used to seal
the chamber was found just outside the mouth of the
passage.
CHAPTER VIII
FAR WESTERN TOMBS.
By ERNEST MACKA Y.
43. At a quarter of a mile to the west of the
pyramid, a number of circular depressions in the
desert surface are apparent, and are entered on
Lepsius' map. A group of men were therefore set
to work upon them. Many shafts leading to stone-
lined tombs of the same date as the pyramid were
soon opened, and altogether thirty-five chambers were
measured and noted (pis. xvii, xviii).
The shafts were rectangular in shape, averaging
87 inches by 40 inches, and were from 13 to 39 feet
in depth. They were cut in the loose rock, their
sides being fairly true, and dressed with a narrow
adze.
Some 1 1 feet of water-laid gravel, mixed with
large pebbles, lay on the surface of the rock, and
the tops of the pits therefore were very irregular in
outline.
The majority of the chambers were of built stone
(see model in pi. xiv, 4), and they were always placed
on the southern side of the shafts.
Their average length was 104I inches, and the
width 62 inches, or 5 x 3 cubits respectively.
Only one tomb in the cemetery was found to con-
tain an earlier burial than the secondary ones of the
xxiind dynasty, and very few of the latter date were
found intact. In the unrifled tombs these bodies
were found lying in roughly painted wooden coffins,
invariably much decayed ; the heads were generally
placed to the entrance of the chamber. As is usual
in burials of this date, practically nothing was placed
with the dead, except that in rare instances we found
necklaces of cowry shells, and very coarse glazed
figures of Thoth, Bes, and Bast.
In some cases the chamber held more than one
body, and additional holes were also cut in the sides
of the shaft to hold more coffins, either at the bottom
of the pit on the north, or above the original
chamber.
In most cases the entrance of the tomb chamber
was intended to have been closed by a portcullis of lime-
stone. But this, in all but three instances, was always
found standing above the tomb door on piles formed
of rough blocks of stone placed one on another, mortar
or cement being rarely employed.
In only three tombs, Nos. 50, 60, and 80, the port-
cullisses were found lowered. The first tomb, No. 50,
contained an untouched burial of the late iiird or early
ivth dynasty, and therefore the portcullis or slab must
have been dropped at the time of burial.
The other two instances, Nos. 60 and 80, had been
entered and robbed, and no trace of anything was
found inside them.
It is a curious fact that though this cemetery was
so extensively utilised in the xxiind dynasty, and
though little or no effort would have been required to
lower the portcullisses, except to knock away the
stone piles beneath them, yet, with the exception of
these three cases, the burials were only protected by
a walling of stones and mud, built in the mouths of
the short passages leading to the chambers. One
other case of an early burial was found in this cemetery,
THE VARIOUS TYPES
25
tomb No. 55; this, and No. 50, will be fully dealt with
later on.
44. As mentioned before, most of the tombs were
lined with blocks of stone ; the joints were of fairly
good workmanship. The edges of the stones were
dressed before building, in order to ensure that the
joints were in close union.
After the chambers had been completed, the faces
of the stones were trimmed by hammer dressing ; but
in one instance, tomb 63, this was not done, and pro-
jecting bosses were left in the centre of each block of
stone.
In two tombs, Nos. 60 and 63, it was noticed that
the edges of some of the stones in the sides of the
chambers had been tested with a flat plane and red
ochre, as in the dressing of flat faces in the pyramids
and elsewhere.
Much of the stonework was very faulty in some of
the tombs, and flaws were concealed as far as possible
with the aid of stucco.
The roofing consists of long blocks of limestone
laid across the widths of the chambers, frequently
askew. It is difficult to understand how these were
placed in position, for frequently there is but three or
four inches to spare between the tops of these and the
surface of the rock cutting above them.
The widths of some of these, and the measure-
ments of some of the blocks in the walls of the more
finished tombs, will be found at the end of this
chapter.
The floors were generally paved with roughly
smoothed blocks ranging from 6 to 9 inches in thick-
ness, and were laid down after the chambers were
completed. They all rest on rock and rough mortar,
and are as a rule irregular in thickness, even in the
same tomb. It was evidently intended that the height
of the rooms should be the same as the breadth, but
in many cases the measurements vary owing to care-
lessness in laying the pavement.
In a few instances the pavement had been partly
torn up, and also blocks removed from the walls,
especially at the southern or farther end of the
chambers. This could only have been done in
searching for valuables or additional chambers, as
none of the stone removed was taken to the sur-
face, but was left inside the tomb. Frequently
also these blocks were reused in order to wall up the
entrance of a vault in the case of a xxiind-dynasty
burial, proving that the destruction was done in this
or a previous period. This shews that nothing of value
was found in these tombs when they were first opened,
and that an additional chamber or hiding place for
valuables was looked for.
Also, with the exception of three cases, tombs 57,
66, and 6g, there was not a single fragment of early
pottery or stone vessels found in these stone-lined
tombs.
The evidence from this, together with the port-
cullisscs not having been lowered, tends to prove that
though the tombs in the cemetery were certainly
constructed during the building of the pyramid, or
soon after it was completed, they were not used in
early times except in seven cases, tombs 50, 55, 57,
60, 66, 69, 80, the last four of which are doubtful.
The probable solution of this peculiarity is, that
shortly after they were built the king died, and his
court left the vicinity, so that no important people
remained to be buried here.
The orientation of all the tombs was practically
north to south, the variations being few and very
slight. Every tomb was within four degrees of the
magnetic north.
The tombs in this cemetery group in six types,
which are as follows : —
Type A. Plain stone chambers.
„ B. Stone chambers with recesses.
„ C. „ „ „ floor cist.
„ D. Rock chambers (pent-roofed).
„ E. Long rock-cut passage withno chamber.
„ F. Low shaft and entry by staircase.
45. Type A. Plain Stone Chambers. VVc found
four examples, Nos. 62, 63, 68, 69, pi. xvii. These
were all comparatively close one to another on the
eastern side of the cemetery.
They all possess a rectangular room lined with
stone blocks, the walls being of four courses.
Three of the tombs, Nos. 62, 63, 68, have the
portcullis still raised on stones ; but that in No. 69
had been lowered, and plunderers had broken away
the top to gain access to the chamber. A small
fragment of an early burnished red dish was found
inside, and this points to the portcullis having been
lowered to close a burial soon after it had been built.
Tomb 63 was peculiar owing to the portcullis
being lower in this than in any other tomb, a space
of only 26 inches being left between the bottom of
the portcullis and the floor of the passage.
The measurements of these four tombs are as
follows : No. 62, io6| inches long, 63 inches wide,
62! inches high. No. 63, 102 inches long, 60 inches
wide, 61 inches high. No. 68, 104 inches long, 62
4
26
FAR WESTERN TOMBS
inches wide, 6i\ inches high. No. 69, 103 inches
long, 63 inches wide, 61 J inches high.
46. Type B. Stone-lined Cliambers ivith Recesses.
There are twenty-one tombs of this type, which is the
commonest. Three examples are shewn on pi. xvii.
The average measurements of their chambers are
104J inches long, 62 inches wide, and 61 i inches
high. Each tomb has a recess in its southern wall,
which was provided to hold the intestines and other
organs of the dead, as was seen in the tomb of Ra-
hotep at Meydum which Prof. Petrie opened in 1891.
These recesses vary considerably in size, the
average being 33J inches long inwards, 22 inches
broad, and 29 inches high. In two cases it was found
that the recesses had been destroyed in the xxiind
dynasty in order to provide further room for burial
purposes. The floors of these recesses are always on
the same level as the pavements of the chambers.
47. Type C. Stone-lined with Floor Cist. There
are four tombs of this type (see pi. xviii), and these
all occur on the eastern side of the cemetery.
They are all of built stone and have the peculiarity
of a shallow well in the S.W. corner of each chamber.
In three tombs, Nos. 57, 66, and 81, this well is pro-
vided with ledges on its eastern and western sides,
evidently for the purpose of holding a covering slab,
which when in place was flush with the pavement.
An example of such a slab was found in the
chamber of No. 66, measuring 26 inches by 22 inches,
and 4J inches thick. The edges of this were slightly
inclined, the measurements being taken at the upper
and widest part of the slab. A rough hole measuring
16 inches in diameter was found in its centre, which
in contrast with the finish of the stone suggested that
it had been bored at a subsequent period, with the
idea of using it for some other purpose. If this was
the case the boring must have been done inside the
chamber. The well in which this cover fitted was
23 inches long N. to S., 22 inches E. to W., and 22
inches deep. Its ledge on the eastern side was 2\
inches wide by 4J inches deep, and that on the
western side 2 inches wide. Thus the seat for the
slab was 27 x 22. The chamber of this tomb was
108 inches long, 62J inches wide, and 60 inches high.
Two small rough offering jars were found in this
(pi. xxvi, 51, 52).
The dimensions in the remaining three tombs
here follow. No. 57: chamber 103 inches long, 61 £
inches wide, and 62 inches high. Well below its
ledges, 19 inches N. to S., 24 inches E. to W., and
21 \ inches deep. The ledge in its western side was
5$ inches in depth and 2 inches in width. The
eastern side and floor of well were destroyed. Two
burnished red bowls and nine small offering pots were
found inside (pi. xxvi, Nos. 43 to 50). The dupli-
cates were not drawn.
No. 81 : chamber 104 inches long, 61 \ inches wide,
and 60 inches high. The well of this was 2\\ inches
N. to S., 22 inches E. to W., and 22} inches deep.
The eastern ledge was 3^- inches in width by 2\
inches in depth ; the western, 2 inches in width.
No. 76: chamber 104 inches long, 61 A inches
wide, and 6\\ inches high. The well of this tomb
apparently never had a cover, for no ledge exists on
its western side to hold one in place. It measures 22
inches N. to S., 24 inches E. to W., and was 23 inches
deep. The eastern side of it was found broken
away.
48. Type D. Pent-roofed Chambers. Tombs Nos.
SO, 52, SS, 56, pi. xviii, are all of this type, cut
in the soft rock, and not lined in any way. Also
their passages or chambers, or both, are pent-roofed.
These tombs all occur fairly close to one another on
the eastern side of the cemetery ; and one of these,
No. 50, contained an intact early burial.
Tomb 50. The entry to this tomb was by a
square shaft, 69 inches N. to S. by 68 inches E. to
W., and 252 inches deep. The passage was entered
at the south, and was protected by a large limestone
slab, 82 inches long by 42 inches wide, and from
14 to 16 inches thick. This was laid just against the
doorway.
Close to this and north of it, within a foot of the
bottom of the shaft, there was found a granite vase
with imitation tubular handles, with saw-cut below; to-
gether with fifteen limestone and one alabaster cylinder
dummy offering vases (see pi. xix, 6, 7, 8 ; pi. xxiv,
1 1 — 1 5 ). On the slab being removed it was seen that
the greater part of the roof had fallen in, and when
this had been removed the badly crushed bones of a
burial were traced on the western side of the chamber.
Enough of these were in place to note that the burial
was contracted, and the head placed to the north.
No further offerings were found with the excep-
tion of two pottery vessels (pi. xxiv, 10) and a bowl,
which were at the southern end of the chamber, the
former badly broken and pieces missing.
In the filling of the pit, about 72 inches below the
surface of the desert, there was a thick layer of ox-
bones.
The plan of this tomb is given on pi. xviii, but
owing to the bad state of the roof and the western
TOMB WITH VASES
27
and southern sides of the chamber, the measurements
of these therefore must be only taken as approximate.
Tomb 52. The shaft of this was 177 inches from
north to south and 47 inches from east to west, the
depth being 32 feet. The entrance to the chamber
was as usual at the south, leading through a short
pent-roofed passage, 25 1 inches long by 32 inches
wide, and 66 inches high.
The chamber was but roughly cut, and appears to
have never been finished. It was 104 inches long, by
79 inches at its southern and 82 at its northern end.
A long vertical cut in the southern wall was noticed,
made preparatory perhaps to cutting a recess. The
roof had badly fallen, and it was not possible to trace its
original height. A curious feature was a passage cut
in the western side of the shaft, 18 inches wide and 49
inches high. This ran west for 1 56 inches, and then
turned at right angles to the south for 436 inches,
ending abruptly in nothing. On its eastern side,
about half-way along, were two roughly cut chambers ;
and opposite these was another passage running east,
but with no sign of a chamber at the end of it. No
traces of burials were found in the chambers, but there
can be little doubt that these and the passages are
of late date, and were possibly cut in the xxiind
dynasty.
Tomb 55 (pi. xviii). The shaft of this was 99
inches N. to S., 31 \ inches E. to W., and 33 feet
deep. At the base of this at the south was one
narrow step leading down into a pent-roofed passage,
92 inches long by 24 wide, and 42 inches high, the
mouth of which was walled in by mud bricks, plastered
over with mud. This led to a pent-roofed chamber
98^ inches long by 78J inches wide, and 84 inches
high. Part of the roof of this had fallen in, owing
to the unsatisfactory nature of the rock in which it
was cut.
On the chamber being cleared of its top debris, the
ground was carefully worked over in sections, and then
the positions of the offerings were noted. These, how-
ever, were lying in fragments scattered over the tomb,
pieces of the same vessel being found in different
parts of the chamber. No trace of a body or bones
was to be perceived, which is inexplicable seeing that
the walling up of the entrance was quite intact. If
the tomb had been robbed at a later period, the thief
would not have taken the trouble again to secure the
entrance, and in the case of a secondary burial, the
bones of this would have been found. The chamber,
which did not possess a recess, was floored with a thin
layer of fine sand, and held the following articles, none
of which are complete with the exception of the flint
flakes. Six of these were struck from one block of
flint, and are photographed (pi. xxi, 17-22) fitted
together. They are of the usual Meydum type with
heavy butt ends.
3 cylinder alabaster vases, pi. xix, I, 2, 3 ; xxiv,
6, 8, 9.
3 fragments of two covers for same, pi. xxiv, 7.
3 alabaster dishes, pi. xxiv, 1, 2, 3.
1 alabaster cup, pi. xix, 4 ; xxiv, 5.
Piece of a small diorite cup.
3 bronze or copper needles.
19 flint flakes, pi. xxi, 17-22.
Pottery jug with handle, of a very thin burnished
drab ware, pi. xix, 5 ; xxiv, 4.
Small block of sandstone (rubber for the feet ?).
4 red burnished dishes, pi. xxv. 25-27.
6 rough offering saucers, pi. xxv, 20-24.
Fragments of rough pottery jar as Medum pi.
xxxi, fig. 25.
Fragments of jar similar to Medum pi. xxx, fig. n.
Fragments of pottery vase, the largest piece of
which was utilised as a lamp, shewing that a
floating wick was used.
Small lumps of charcoal.
Tomb 56 (pi. xviii). The shaft of this was 1 1 3
inches long by 29J inches wide, and 34 feet deep. A
pent-roofed passage, 89 inches long by 32 inches wide,
and 40 inches high, led into a chamber which had a
recess at its southern end. These last two, like the
passage, were similarly pent-roofed. When found, the
entrance to the passage was blocked by a walling of
mud brick, and this secured six rough wooden coffins
containing xxiind-dynasty burials, the coffins being
placed in a row from E. to W., their heads being at the
west. On the body nearest the entrance there was
found a necklace consisting of tubular beads and two
amulets — an eye, and a rough figure of Bast.
The chamber was 106J inches long by 81 inches
wide, and 96 inches high. The recess at the south of
this measured 83 inches long, 58 inches wide, and 68
inches high.
49. Type E. Long Rock-cut Passage with no
Chamber. Of this type only one example was
found, tomb No. 80 (pi. xvii). A shaft 56 inches long,
50 inches wide, and 13J feet deep, was the entrance,
and at the south of this, at the bottom, a long passage
ran through the rock for 1 54 inches at an angle of
about 90 west of south. At the end of this a further
bend to the west was taken of 12°, leading 243 inches,
until finally the passage turned due south for another
28
FAR WESTERN TOMBS
300 inches. There were no signs of a chamber at the
end of this, and no evidence of one having been
attempted. The passage, which was 37 inches wide
and 76 inches high, was pent-roofed, and closed at its
mouth by a portcullis slightly askew.
Nothing of interest was found in this tomb with
the exception of four small offering saucers (pi. xxv,
32-34). These were lying on the rock floor, just
south of the portcullis. This tomb had been entered
from the top of the passage in two places.
Type F. Low Shaft and Entry by Staircase.
Tomb 83. The way into this was by a series
of rough steps cut in the rock, situated on the east
side of a rectangular shaft, 28 inches N. to S. and 89
inches E. to W. (pi. xvii).
The depth of these steps was 81 inches, the top of
the rock here being 132 inches below the surface of
the ground.
On the southern side of the shaft there was a
passage 27 inches wide and 76 inches high, which led
due south, terminating in a very roughly cut pit,
about 15 J feet deep. The bottom of this was 72
inches long E. to W. and 60 inches wide N. to S-, and
contained nothing.
The southern end of the passage had suffered
greatly from a big rock-fall, the roof and sides having
collapsed. Its original length therefore could not
be measured, or the tomb planned, with the exception
of the entrance shaft and stairway.
50. In some of the better finished stone-lined tombs
the widths and lengths were taken of three stones in
their side walls, together with the breadths of three
of the roofing blocks. The number of the latter
covering each measured chamber will be found in
Roman numerals immediately after the number of
the tomb which is bracketed. The dimensions of
some of the portcullises are also stated.
Side-wall stones. (5 1) 106 x 402 inches, 13-6 x 43,
32-9x32-5. (58) 29-9x21-6, 31*4x137, 63-3x14-3.
(63) 14-4x25-8, 14-4x301, 15-4x21-2. (64)48x109,
24-5x13-9, 327x13-5. (65) 44,9xi5'2, 297x14-5,
55-5x14-9. (66) 21-1x42-6, 211x25-4, 21x379.
(67) 11-3x43-3, 11-8x32-9, 117x49-8. (69) 27-2x157,
54-9x157, 39-2x17-7. (75) 25-5x15-2, 127x172,
26-6 x 1 72. (76) 439 x 236, 247 x 205, 299 x 232.
Roofing blocks. (51) vii, 30, 203, 182 inches. (58)
vi, 16-7, 252, 25-9. (63) vi, 24-3, 27-8, 24-2. (64) vii,
203, 20-3, 301. (65), vii, 213, 264, 282. (66) vii,
24, 18, 152. (67) vi, 145, 38, 139. (69) vii, 159,
283, 203. (75) vi, 20, 32, 193. (76) vii, 254, 227, 24.
Portcullis slabs. (51) 68 x 51 x 20 inches. (59)
82x51x16. (60) 67x54x16. (61) 66x51x15
(62) 66 x 56 x 17. (63) 81 x 63 x 19. (64) 77 x 54 x
I4'5- (65) 78x59x165. (66) 86x62x15. (67)
76x54x18. (68)66x46x14. (70)69x54x13.
(71)78x53x14. (72)78x54x15. (76)81x54x18.
(79)78x54x15. (81)81-5x53x16. The heaviest,
63, contains 56 cubic feet, and weighs about 3^ tons.
CHAPTER IX
THE NORTHERN TOMBS.
By ERNEST MAC KAY.
51. THE greater part of the cemetery of Meydum
lies to the north of the pyramid, and some further
search was made in that part, which is detailed in
this chapter.
The eastern faces of the group of small mastabas
east of mastaba No. vi, were cleared early in the
season in the hope of finding inscribed false doors or
steles, such as occur in the later mastabas at Dendereh.
Though no steles were found, yet just in front of one
of the northern brick recesses in one mastaba we
came upon an inscribed libation table, 25-2 inches
long by 97 inches wide (pi. xxxi). The thickness
of this in the middle is 5-6 inches, and at the ends
2-8 inches. On two of the top edges are the following
inscriptions : —
SUTEN REKH MER NUT MAAT SEZEFU.
HEK HET AA HEQ SEBA HET KHUFU SEZEFU.
A Royal Relative, Superintendent of the New
Towns, Sezefu. Ruler of the Palace, Ruler of the
gate of the house of Khufu, Sezefu.
The title Superintendent of the New Towns is
little known. It occurs twice in the tomb of Urarna,
and once in the tomb of Meru {Rock Tombs at Slieikh
Said, pis. iv, vi, xix). Also it appears once in the
tomb of Nek-ankh at Tehneh {Annales du Service,
vol. iii, p. 127) (now at Cambridge).
52. Many of the mastabas had several small tomb
pits cut close to, and in a line with, their eastern faces.
Most of these had been plundered. A burial was
found intact in one pit, which measured 40 x 25^ x
24 inches deep. The body was placed in a wooden
box 31-1 inches long, 185 inches wide, 17-6 inches
deep, inside measurement. The thickness of the wood
was 8 inch.
The usual position was adopted, head to north,
trunk on left side facing east, and limbs very con-
tracted (pi. xxiii, 3). The sex has not yet been
THE VARIOUS TYPES
29
determined, as the body was not removed from the
box, but brought away intact, soaked in paraffin wax
(Bristol).
In the low hillocks of marl and gravel which lie
between the desert table-land and the cultivation,
east of the mastaba of Nefermaat, we found a small
cemetery of the iiird dynasty, and some thirty-nine
graves were cleared and recorded.
These all fall naturally into four classes, which are
as follows : —
Class A. Burials in rough holes ranging from
12 inches to 42 inches deep.
Class B. Square or rectangular shafts with or
without recesses to hold a burial.
Class C. Multiple or family graves.
Class D. Open court provided with niches or
false doors.
All the dead in the recorded graves of this
cemetery were placed in a semi-contracted or con-
tracted position, and always on the left side, with the
exception of four cases in which the bodies were
found lying on their backs or the right side. The
orientation was nearly, though not quite, as constant.
Thirty-one bodies were placed with their heads to the
north or north-west, six with their heads to the east
or north-east, and eight with their heads to the west.
None were in the usual prehistoric direction, head to
the south.
53. In the majority of the poorer graves, which
were but little below the surface of the ground, the
linen garments around some of the dead were in a
fairly good state of preservation. In the case of the
men a short kilt was the article of clothing generally
found. The women were either wrapped or clothed
in a garment which entirely covered the body, and
were then sometimes laid upon a pad or mattress of
linen material, placed on the floor of the grave.
The kilts or loin-cloths of the men were of a very
coarse linen ; the clothing of the women was usually
of a much finer texture.
Different samples of cloth were collected from
various graves, and submitted to Mr. Midgley of
Bolton for examination. His report on these will be
found in the volume of Historical Studies.
In three graves, Nos. 123, 136, and 141, a wooden
headrest was placed beneath the head. Two of these
(pi. xxi, 15, 16), from graves 123 and 141, are very
similar to those of later times, with the exception of
a square head to the top of the shafts, just below the
curved portion which fitted the head. The headrest
from grave 136 (see base of pi. xxxviii) consisted
only of a short bar of wood with a slight hollow along
the top. Seven other burials had a brick, in lieu of a
pillow, placed beneath the skull, while in four graves
a brick was found lying close to the head.
54. The amount of dental caries in the teeth of
some of the skulls in this cemetery was most notice-
able, the molars being generally attacked. The teeth
were in most cases badly worn down, and cup-shaped,
owing to gritty food.
Three cases of fractured bones were found, in
graves Nos. 106, 124, 131. In No. 106 was the body of
an old man who had suffered a fracture of the radius
and ulna of the left arm. Both bones had united,
and were, in addition, ankylosed at their lower ex-
tremities.
In grave 106, also that of a man, both bones of
the right forearm were found to be fractured about
the middle of the shaft. Each bone had, however,
united well. The cause of the fracture in both these
cases was probably due to an attempt to ward off a
blow from a stick.
Grave 124 contained the skeleton of a man whose
right parietal bone was perforated by a small, clean,
round hole, evidently the cause of death. In addition
to this there was an old fracture well healed on the
right frontal bone. This and the two preceding cases
were the only evidences of violence noted in this
cemetery.
The femur bones of a man in grave 107 were
remarkably bent, the curvature being very pro-
nounced. This might have been possibly due to
rickets.
In three or four instances, in graves which lay
near the surface, traces of hair were found adhering to
the skulls. In every case this was slightly curly,
short, and either of a light reddish or straw colour.
Owing to the saline nature of the soil in the district,
it might well be possible that the light coloration is
due to the bleaching action of salts.
We were fortunate to find that in only two graves,
out of the total of thirty-nine excavated, was there
any obvious disturbance. This condition was due to
the poor nature of the burials, for with the exception
of the three pillows in graves 123, 136, and 141, a
pottery jar lying in grave 103, a mud saucer in
grave 138B, a small pottery offering dish in grave
139c, and a rough stone altar with two bone hair-
pins in grave 1 10, nothing was placed with the
bodies.
55. Seven burials in the cemetery contained bodies
30
THE NORTHERN TOMBS
in wooden boxes, Nos. 103, 104, 112A, 112B, 122,
133, and 139A. These boxes or coffins were of
sycomore wood, and secured at the corners with the
usual tholes of hard wood (pi. xxxi). The sides and
ends, as well as the bottoms, were always made of more
than one piece of wood, the joints being horizontal and
very much curved (pi. xxxi). Each box was carefully
plastered between these joints, and a thin coating
of stucco covered the case inside and out. No care
was taken in fastening down the lid, which was
invariably found loose. The two battens, however,
which secured the planks of the cover together, gener-
ally made the lid fit fairly tightly to the box.
I give below the inside measurements of all the
boxes for comparison, where it will be seen that none
of them agree in size.
Grave
long
wide
deep
thick
103.
41 ins.
1 8-5
H
1*5 ins
104.
335 ,.
20
17-5
i'3 »
II2A.
21-5 „
22-6
IO'7
•8 „
I I2B.
Badly d(
;cayed.
122.
337 »ns.
198
IS'3
•8 n
f- fsides
•8 „
133
3i'2 „
19-5
"lends
10 „
I39A.
Badly decayed.
There were five graves containing burials in baskets,
Nos. 105, no, in, 135, and 136. One grave, No. 1 1 1,
held two small round baskets, about 6 inches in
diameter, each containing the body of an infant.
Nos. no and 136 were too badly decayed for mea-
surement. The remaining two are as follows : grave
105, 29 inches long by 18 inches wide by 7 inches deep ;
grave 135, 19 inches long by 13 wide by 9 deep, inside.
The large baskets were rectangular in form, and
made of large reeds (papyrus ?) secured with a coarse
twisted fibre. They all possessed loose covers of the
same material.
In the majority of cases the skulls were too
fragile to be removed for purposes of measurement.
Those, however, we were able to measure are given
below in millimetres.
Grave
Length
L. max.
B. max.
B. biaur.
B. zyg.
H. sut.
Basi-
nasal
116
166
I65
I30
97
99
124
85
125
177
179
131
in
ii5
127
97
126
170
i;s
135
114
117
132
99
128
172
172
141
121
125
I29
96
139
179
178
I4O
114
—
IO8
—
I40
167
170
127
IOI
108
121
85
Basi-
alv.
Nasi-
alv.
Nasal
H.
Nasal
B.
F. H.
Jaw
H.
Jaw
M. B.
Jaw
B.
80
50
38
22
91
85
94
74
99
65
45
24
IOO
IO9
no
97
95
73
52
26
122
"5
I02
118
no
94
83
84
61
49
21
IOI
I02
99
82
56.
(A) Rough
hole.
(b) Shaft.
(B) Shaft
with recess.
(c) Multiple
burials.
Total.
With box.
O
I
3
3
7
With basket.
3
I
2
0
6
With pan.
0
I
0
0
1
With wooden
headrest.
2
I
0
0
3
With brick
headrest.
4
0
1
2
7
Brick placed
by head.
0
3
1
0
4
With pottery
or ornaments.
0
1
1
2
4
Head N.
10
5
9
4
28
Head N.W.
2
1
0
0
3
Head N.E.
O
0
0
3
3
Head E.
2
0
1
0
3
Head W.
I
2
2
3
8
Body on
left side.
12
8
10
9
39
Body on
right side.
I
0
0
0
1
Body on
back.
I
0
2
0
3
57. Class A. Burials in Rough Holes ranging from
12 inches to 42 inches deep. The graves in this
class numbered sixteen in all. They consisted of
irregular holes scooped in the gravel, the average
depth being about 25 inches below the surface of the
ground.
In three instances, Nos. 102, 107, and 127, an
DETAILS OF BURIALS
31
attempt had been made to improve the grave by lin-
ing the sides with loose bricks, placed on their edges.
In the remaining thirteen graves no special care
seems to have been taken, beyond the position of
the body.
Grave 1 1 1 was specially interesting because it
contained what were evidently the remains of twins.
The baskets they were placed in were well made,
and measured about 6 inches in diameter. The
fibres of which these were constructed ran in a hori-
zontal direction, and were secured to each other by
fine linen thread.
Grave 101. Child about 14 years of age. Head at
east. Body on left side facing south. Arms and legs
in a contracted position. (Disturbed.)
Grave 102. 30 inches long, 17 inches wide, 18
inches deep. Adult woman. Head N. facing E.,
lying on a brick. Body on left side facing E. Con-
traction very marked, legs doubled up and lying close
against body. Arms similarly contracted, hands be-
fore face. Burial wrapped in a long single (?) garment
of linen. Brick lining to grave. Bricks placed on
top of filling of hole to mark the burial.
Grave 106. 34 inches L. x 15 W. x 24 D. Old man.
Head W. Body on left side facing N. Limbs con-
tracted. Radius and ulna of left arm fractured. Teeth
badly worn. Slight traces of a linen garment.
Grave 107. 33 inches L. x 24 w. x 21 D. Male.
Head N. Body on left side facing E. Limbs con-
tracted. Long coarse linen garment. Both femur
bones very curved. Two molars badly decayed.
Grave 108. 36 inches L. x 20 w. x 24 D. Sex ?
Head at N.W. lying on a brick. Body on left side
facing N.E. Limbs semi-contracted. Hands in front
of breast. Bones enclosed in a long garment of linen.
Grave roughly lined with bricks.
Grave 109. 30 inches L. x 18 w. x 18 D. Old
man. Skull separated from body at E. of grave, lying
on its side and facing W. Body on left side oriented
N.-S. Legs very contracted. Arms laid alongside of
body, hands in front of pelvis. Short kilt of very
coarse linen. Traces of hair visible on skull, slightly
curly, and of a reddish brown. Three molars badly
decayed.
Grave HI. 39 inches L. x 20 w. x 39 D. Oriented
E.S.E.-W.N.W. At E.S.E. of hole, a round reed
basket with a cover containing the bones and skull of
an infant. Another basket at W.N.W. containing
a similar burial. The original position of the bodies
could not be traced owing to the fragile state of the
bones and baskets. Each infant was wrapped in cloth.
Grave n$. 33 inches L. x 30 w. x 20 D. Sex?
Young. Head N. Body on left side facing E. Limbs
very contracted. Hands before breast. No trace of
clothing.
Grave 1 16. 45 inches L. x 24 w. x 42 d. Youth.
Head N. testing on a .brick. Body on left side
facing E. Limbs contracted. Hands in front of
breast. No clothing.
Grave 117. 32 inches L.xi8 W.XI2D. Middle-
aged male. Head N. Body resting on left side with
face to E. Legs very bent. Left arm contracted,
hand before face. Right arm lying outstretched
close to body. Hair well preserved, of a curly
nature and a sandy colour. No trace of cloth.
Four molars badly decayed.
Grave 118. 36 inches L. x 17 w. x 24 D. Sex ?
Head N. Body on left side facing E. Short linen
kilt. One molar slightly decayed.
Grave 119. 39 inches L. x 15 W. x 27 D.
Head N. Body on right side facing W. Limbs con-
tracted, hands before face. Brick pillow beneath
head. Clothing ?
Grave 1 26. 36 inches L. x 24 w. x 30 D. Sex ?
Head N.W. Body on left side facing N.E. Legs
very contracted. Arms slightly bent, hands in front
of breast. Clothing? see pi. xxiii, 1.
Grave 127. 50 inches L. x 18 w. x 24 D.
Sex ? Young. Head N., placed on a brick, and
looking upwards. Body on left side facing E.
Arms and legs contracted. Grave lined with bricks.
Three bricks were also found on top of filling.
Clothing?
Grave 136. Very rough hole containing badly
decayed rectangular reed box with burial of an adult
man. Head N. on wooden pillow facing E. Body
lying on back. Limbs contracted, pressed close to
and en top of trunk. Hand on breast. Traces of
clothing.
Grave 141. Adult man. Head N. Wooden head-
rest beneath skull. Body on left side facing E.
Legs slightly bent. Left arm contracted, hand before
face. Right arm straight, hand just below and lying
close to pelvis. Long linen garment.
58. Class B. Square or Rectangular Sfiafts with
or without Recesses to hold a Burial. There are
twenty graves that belong to this class, sixteen of
which are of oblong form, averaging 32 inches north
to south, 31 J inches east to west, and 49 inches
deep. The remaining four are square, and average
30 inches by 58 inches deep.
All of the shafts were well cut as far as the nature
32
THE NORTHERN TOMBS
of the soft rock or marl permitted. The tools used
in trimming the sides of the pits were apparently adzes,
the cutting edges of which varied in breadth from £J of
an inch to ^. The marks left by these were plainly
discernible on the pit sides, the cut always being
from top to bottom, and never from side to side.
This latter fact is strongly suggestive that an adze
and not a chisel was the instrument employed.
Thirteen graves were provided with a shallow.
recess at the bottom of the shaft to hold the burial.
Ten of these were cut in the western side, one in
the northern, and two in the southern side.
Of the seven cases where a recess was not cut,
the body was placed in four instances (Nos. 113, 120,
123, 124) at the western portion of their pits. In
two examples the burial was on the southern side
of the shaft (Nos. 130, 140). Four graves in this
class (Nos. 104, 105, 114, 122) had their recesses
protected by a dry walling of bricks, laid lengthways
upon their sides. This walling was carried well
above the roof of the recess, the bricks being laid
against the western side of the shaft.
There were four examples of box burials (Nos. 103,
104, 122, 133), and two of basket burials (Nos. no,
135)-
Grave 133 was especially interesting, for it shewed
what importance was attached in this period to
contraction. This contained the body of an old
man who had first been loosely swathed in linen
of fine texture, each limb being wrapped separately.
Then cloths of medium texture were twisted into
loose ropes, and bound around each limb, about
six turns being taken ; the trunk being treated
in the same way. Lastly, a long piece of linen was
similarly twisted up, doubled, and first carried under
the knees, and then behind the neck, where it was
tied. A photograph of this burial will be seen
on pi. xxiii, 3, shewing the arrangement of the
whole body.
Grave 124 was also peculiar, for it contained an
adult man placed beneath a large oval pan of badly
baked pottery. This measured 87 inches in outside
circumference, and was 9% inches in depth inside.
The thickness of the rim was I'2 inch. There
was a hole in the bottom of this, which had been
roughly stopped with plaster. This method of
protecting the dead is known in late pre-dynastic
times, but is rare in later periods.
Grave 103. Rectangular shaft, 42 inches
N.E.-S.W., 64 inches S.E.-N.W., 42 inches deep,
containing a rectangular wooden box oriented E.-W.
This held the body of an adult woman, placed on
her left side, and lying E.-W. The head, which was
at the VV„ had fallen to one side, and the direction
it was facing was to the N. A brick pillow was
found close to it. The legs were contracted, and
drawn up close to the body. Two bricks were lying
against the northern side of the box, and just beyond
them was a short jar of very rough pottery filled with
mud. No garment was found round the body, but a
large pad of cloth was resting on the breast and neck.
Grave 104. Rectangular shaft, 38 inches N.-S.
37 J inches E.-W., 90 inches deep. Recess at west of
shaft, bricked up, and 38 inches long N.-S., 18 inches
E.-W., and 30 inches high. This contained a box
burial of an adult (sex ?), with head to N. on a brick,
lying on the left side, and facing E. Limbs very
contracted. The bones were enclosed by a long
garment of coarse linen. An unfinished recess, 18
inches deep, was cut at the bottom and N. side of
shaft (pi. xxiii, 5).
Grave 105. Rectangular shaft, 38J inches N.-S.,
28 inches E.-W., 90 inches deep. Recess at S. side
of shaft, bricked up, 30 inches from bottom, and
measuring 34 inches E.-W. and 44 inches N.-S.
The recess contained the body of an adult woman
placed in a rectangular basket of reeds. A loose
cover, also of reeds, protected its contents. Burial
placed on left side facing E. and head to the N.
Limbs extremely contracted. On the top of the
body were placed several thick layers of coarsely
woven linen, acting as a kind of coverlet.
Grave no. Rectangular shaft, 36 inches N.-S.,
28 inches E.-W., 48 inches deep. Recess at W.
of pit, 36 inches N.-S., 25 inches E.-W., with
body of a young girl on her left side, in a badly
decayed square rush basket. Head and trunk
oriented N.-S. and facing E. Legs and arms con-
tracted, and hands before breast. Body wrapped in
a coarse long linen garment. Two hairpins, one of
ivory and the other of a sharpened bird's bone, were
found cloge to the head. At N. of the recess was a
rough limestone altar 13 inches long, 7 J inches
wide, sh inches deep.
Grave 113. Square shaft, 31 inches N.-S. and
E.-W., 55 inches deep. No recess. Adult. Head at
N. Body on left side facing E. Limbs contracted,
hands before face. No trace of a garment.
Grave 114. Rectangular shaft, a inches N.-S.,
37^ inches E.-W., 108 inches deep. Recess at W. of
shaft, bricked up, 33 inches N.-S. and 22 inches
E.-W. This contained an adult female with head to
DETAILS OF BURIALS
33
N., lying on her left side, and facing E. Arms and
legs contracted. Body wrapped in a long linen gar-
ment.
Grave 120. Square shaft, 30 inches N.-S. and
72 inches deep. No recess. Adult woman, placed
at W. of shaft, on her left side, and facing E. Head
to N. Limbs contracted, and hands before face.
Long garment worn. Two molars slightly decayed.
Grave 121. Square shaft, 24 inches N.-S. and
E.-W., 78 inches deep. Recess at W. of shaft, 24
inches N.-S., 15 inches E.-W., and 15 inches high.
Burial of an adult man, on his left side, facing E.
Head to the N. Limbs contracted, hands before
face. Body wrapped in a kilt of coarse linen. Traces
also of a longer garment of fine texture.
Grave 122. Rectangular shaft, 31 inches N.-S.
29J inches E.-W., 108 inches deep. Recess bricked
up, 38 inches E.-W., 31 inches N.-S., 28 inches high,
at south of shaft, containing a box with the burial of
a middle-aged man. Head W. Body on left side
facing N. Limbs contracted, hands in front of breast.
Linen garments of two textures.
Grave 123. Rectangular shaft, 29 inches N.-S.,
31 inches E.-W. No recess. Adult man at W. of
shaft. Head N. Body on left side facing E.
Limbs contracted. Headrest placed beneath head.
Slight traces of linen clothing.
Grave 124. Rectangular shaft, 37 inches N.-S.,
3i| inches E.-W., 67 inches deep. No recess. Adult
man with head to N. and at W. of shaft. Trunk on
left side facing E. Legs and right arm contracted.
Left arm lying outstretched beneath body. Two
fractures in skull, one of which had healed. Teeth
very badly worn. The body and head were wrapped
in a rough linen cloth. The whole body was covered
with a large oval pottery pan placed on bricks
roughly set around the corpse (pi. xxiii, 2).
Grave 125. Rectangular shaft, 35 inches N.-S., 37
inches E.-W., 34 inches deep. Recess at W. of shaft,
35 inches N.-S., 12 inches E.-W., 18 inches deep.
Burial of a man not placed squarely in recess, with
head to N.N.E. Body on left side facing E.S.E. Legs
contracted. Arms slightly bent, and hands in front of
pelvis. Kilt around waist. Three teeth badly de-
cayed. The lower jaw had two abscess cavities in the
bone in connection with the posterior fangs of the
right and left first molars. Brick placed in front of
face.
Grave 128. Rectangular pit, 29 inches N.-S.,
24 inches E.-W., and 30 inches deep. Recess at
W. of shaft, 29 inches N.-S., 16 inches E.-W.,
and 21 inches high, containing burial of an adult
man, head to N. and facing upwards. Body placed
on its back. Legs very contracted. Arms close
to sides, the hands being just below the pelvis.
Kilt of fine linen wrapped around the waist. A
pad of similar material placed on the breast.
Hair well preserved, curly, and of a reddish brown.
A large brick was put on the eastern side of
the head.
Grave 129. Rectangular shaft with recess at W.,
with the burial of an adult woman. Head N., facing
upwards. Body lying on back. Limbs very con-
tracted, hands placed on face. Traces of a linen
garment.
Grave 131. Rectangular shaft, 36 inches N.-S., 34
inches E.-W., 30 inches deep. No recess. Remains of
an old man, placed at S. side of pit, and lying on left
side. Head separated a few inches from body, up-
right, and facing N.E. Legs partially contracted,
right arm bent, and hand on breast. Left arm lying
close to body, and hand just below pelvis. Both
bones of right forearm fractured about the middle
of shaft. No trace of clothing. Brick close to
head on N.
Grave 133. Rectangular shaft, 33J inches N.-S.,
25 inches E.-W., 72 inches deep. Recess at W.
of shaft, 40 inches N.-S., 25 inches E.-W., 20
inches high. This contained a box holding the
remains of an old man placed on his left side,
facing E. Head to the N. Limbs very contracted.
Body very carefully bandaged and prepared for
burial. A coarse cloth was laid as a rough mattress
of four thicknesses at the bottom of the box, see
plate xxiii, 4.
Grave 134. Square pit, 34^ inches N.-S. by
28 inches deep. Recess at W., 34^ inches N.-S.,
28 inches E.-W., 17 inches high. In the latter
were placed the bones of an old woman, lying on
her left side, with her head to the N., and facing E.
The legs were semi-contracted, also the right arm.
The left arm was lying outstretched beneath the
body. The remains were enclosed by a long gar-
ment, secured at the top of the head by rolling it
into a kind of ring. This was very similar to the
cloth ring used on the head at the present day in
carrying water-jars, etc.
Grave 135. Rectangular pit, 26 inches N.-S., 34
inches E.-W., and 39 inches deep. No recess. At
the west of this was a reed basket containing the
bones of a young girl, head to N. Body on left
side facing E. Limbs contracted, hands before face.
34
THE NORTHERN TOMBS
Body wrapped in a single garment. Brick at N.
end of grave between wall of recess and basket.
Grave 137. Rectangular shaft, 30 inches N.-S.,
34 inches E.-VV., 58 inches deep. Recess at north
of shaft, 30 inches L. x 18 D. x 12 H. This held the
body of an adult man, lying on his left side, head
to the W., and facing N. Limbs semi-contracted.
Kilt worn, of a very coarse texture.
Grave 140. Rectangular pit, 17 inches N.-S., 24J
inches E.-W., 27 inches deep. No recess. Young
woman on S. side of shaft with head to W., and
facing N. Position, on left side. Limbs contracted,
and hands before face. No trace of clothing. Three
decayed molars.
59. Class C. Multiple or Family Burials. There
are three graves which fall in this class, Nos. 112,
138, 139. Each of them held more than one body.
Grave 112 was peculiar because it contained the
bodies of no less than three small children, as well as
two youths or girls. As there was only room for
one other burial in this grave, namely on the
northern side of the shaft, it would appear that the
parents of these children were buried elsewhere.
The courts in graves 138, 139 were very simple
affairs. They were but roughly cut in the side
of a mound and open to the air. Owing to their
position their western sides were higher than their
eastern.
In two cases a brick was placed beneath the skull,
in graves 112E and 139C. In four burials the head
was placed to the north and the body facing east.
Three burials faced north and had the head to the
west, and three faced south-east with the head to
the north-east. Two box burials were found in
this class, both of them being in grave 1 12.
Burial B in grave 138 was merely resting on the
floor of the court, and was covered with bricks
irregularly placed on and about the body, the whole
being plastered with mud. It was the only example
of its kind found in the cemetery.
The average sizes of the shafts were 33^ inches
long, 31 inches wide, and 64 inches deep. The
recesses in these averaged 32J inches long by i8£
inches deep.
The pad of cloth placed under burial A in grave
138 was probably a garment. It was hemmed by
turning its edges in and by overcasting with
thread.
Grave 112. (a) This was a rough shaft cut in
the marl, measuring 42 inches N.-S., 39 inches
E.-W., and 65 inches deep. It contained the remains
of a young child in a wooden box, 42 inches
below the surface of the ground. The head was
to the N. The body was on its left side, facing E.,
in a contracted position. A pad of coarse cloth
was placed over the bones. Immediately below this
burial was another box, very badly decayed, which
held the body of a youth or girl (b), placed with the
head to the west, on the left side, facing north.
Three sides of the shaft had recesses, also con-
taining burials, on the south, east, and west. These
were all about the same level, 40 inches below the
surface of the ground.
That at the south (c) measured 22 inches E.-W.
and 12 inches N.-S. The body in this, a young
child, was on its left side, facing N. The head was
to the W. A pad of cloth was placed beneath the
body. Traces of a linen garment.
The eastern recess (d) was 24 inches N.-S. and
14 inches E.-W. In this was found the body of
a young child, with head to N, on its left side,
facing E. No trace of clothing was seen.
The recess at the west (e) measured 36 inches long
N.-S. and 20 inches E.-W. This held the remains
of a youth, head to N, lying on his left side, and
facing E. Limbs very contracted. A brick was
placed beneath the skull.
Grave 138. Open court, 82 inches N.-S., 52 inches
E.-W. Entrance at the south. Rectangular shaft
(A) in S.W. corner, 31 inches N.-S., 30 inches
E.-W., and 72 inches deep. Recess at bottom and
west of shaft, 31 inches N.-S., 19 inches E.-W.,
16 inches high, containing burial of an old man.
Head to N, body on left side facing E. Legs
contracted. Arms slightly bent and hands before
breast. Body lying on pad of cloth.
In the N.E. corner of the court there was a burial
of an aged person (b), head to the W., covered over
by bricks and mud plaster. This had collapsed and
broken up the body. Mud saucer placed with
burial.
Grave 139. Open court, 85 inches N.E.-S.W.,
54 inches N.W.-S.E., entered by a short passage at
the south-east, 28 inches wide. At the west of the
court were three burials, two in shafts (a and B) and
one in a shallow pit (c). Rectangular shaft (a)
measured 29 inches N.E.-S.W., 32 inches N.W.-
S.E., and 72 inches deep. At the N.W. of this was
a recess for the burial, 49 inches long, by 27 inches
deep, by 27 inches high. In this was placed the
body of a man in a badly decayed box, with head
to N.E., on left side facing S.E. Legs very con-
THE SOUTHERN TOMBS
35
tracted. Right arm bent and hand before face.
Left arm straight and lying beneath body. No
clothing or wrappings were seen. Teeth badly
decayed. (b) Rectangular shaft, 25 inches N.E.-
S.W., 29 inches N.W.-S.E., 46 inches deep. No
recess. Woman. Head N.E., body on left side
facing S.E. Legs contracted. Right arm slightly
bent, hand close to pelvis. Left arm contracted and
hand before face. Burial on western side of pit.
No sign of garments, (c) Shallow pit, 30 inches
long N.E.-S.W., 17 inches wide N.W.-S.E., 27 inches
deep. Woman. Head N.E., resting on a brick.
Body on left side facing S.E. Right leg slightly
bent. Left leg contracted. Right arm bent and
hand on pelvis. Left arm contracted and hand
before face. Small rough offering dish just below
left knee. Long linen garment.
60. Class D. Open Court provided with Niches or
False Doors. Only one grave was found belonging to
this class, No. 132.
It consisted of an open court cut in the side of a
mound, 97^ inches long by 62 inches wide, and
entered from the south by a short passage 44J inches
long. The sides of this were plastered with mud.
At the north-east of the court was a roughly cut
niche, 47 inches wide by 21 inches deep. On the
western side a series of niches were provided by
building one thickness of brick against the marl face
and leaving gaps at intervals. An uninscribcd slab of
limestone was also inserted in the rock at the south-
west, to serve as a false door. The height of the sides,
which were irregular, varied from 62 inches at the
north to 36 inches at the south. This court had
been utilised in the xxiind dynasty for a burial.
Forty-three inches west of the north-west corner
was a shaft measuring 35 inches square and 102 inches
deep. A recess was cut in the west of this, 35 inches
N.-S. by 17 inches E.-W., and 18 inches high.
It held the body of a young child. Head to N.
and facing E. The legs were semi-contracted, but
the arms and upper part of body had been disturbed.
CHAPTER X
THE SOUTHERN MOUNDS AND TOMBS.
By ERNEST MACK AY.
61. About three hundred yards to the south of
the pyramid there occur three large mounds of lime-
stone chips, roughly in a line from E. to W. along the
edge of the plateau, where it falls away to the south.
The surface of the easternmost mound was covered
with broken early offering jars of rough make.
Three trenches were cut into this at the east to
see if a tomb might lie beneath the mound, but only
stone chips were found, some of which bore marks
of red paint. Amongst them were small pieces of
very coarse linen stained with red paint, which had
evidently been used for marking stone.
The western side of this mound was then tried,
and a long retaining wall was exposed and cleared
(pi. xxxi, b), 1248 inches long by 16 inches thick.
This was built of large stone chips secured with
cement ; it had a smooth surface on its western side,
the eastern being left rough. The height of this
wall in places was 48 inches.
To the east of this, at a distance of 217^ inches
in, was another wall (a), running parallel with the
first, and also built of the same materials. The
length was 318 inches, by 18 inches thick, and the
average height 20 inches. Contrary to wall B, the
eastern side of this wall was smooth, whilst the stones
on the western side were left projecting.
A low brick wall was also found on the west of
B, 300 inches long by 26| inches wide. This is
marked C in the plan. Apparently it once formed
part of a building, but though a turn was found at
the south of this, it did not continue. The height of
the wall at the corner was 60 inches.
The whole mound was then trenched and pitted
for traces of further walling or a tomb shaft, but
nothing else was discovered.
Apparently the object of these two stone walls
was to hold back the pyramid rubbish which was
deposited here ; but the heap of chips eventually
became so high that they overflowed the walls, and
then covered them completely. The desert surface
beneath the southern portion of the heap is consider-
ably lower than that of the north, the mound being
situated at the top of a small valley.
No traces of walling were found in the two similar
mounds west of this one ; and as these were placed at
the heads of small valleys, it is probable that they
were also merely tip heaps which were originally
intended to fill the valleys, and had been accumulated
above the plateau level.
62. An examination was also made of the edge of
the desert, from the pyramid southwards to the railway
which crosses the desert to the Fayum. Many tomb
shafts were traced on the way, but most of these had
been cleared by plunderers. From the broken
THE SOUTHERN MOUNDS AND TOMBS
pottery left on the surface of the ground, these were
dated to the ivth dynasty.
About one mile north of the railway traces of
brick walls were found, which after clearing proved
to be mastabas of the old kingdom, almost entirely
denuded away. The southern end of one of these
we cleared, there being about 9 inches of walling re-
maining (pi. xxxi). Three separate apartments, or
chapels, were traced here, in the first of which (a)
we found large masses of the painted stucco which
had formerly covered its walls. Various pieces
proved that this room had contained inscriptions
and figures.
In apartment B were a number of fragments of
red polished pottery dishes (iv to vi dynasty shapes),
which had been evidently wrapped in cloth and stored
here. These were all brought to the house to be
drawn, but attempts to piece them together were
unsuccessful (xxv, 28-30, 38-42).
In room C we found the following articles, which
were probably left behind by the plunderers who
entered the shaft : —
Three bronze model oars (xxi, 11-13). Peg for
tying a model boat (xxi, 7). Portion of the handle
of a model palanquin (xxi, 14). Model of calf in
wood (xxi, 10). Small piece of stick to represent
fire or a flame (xxi, 8). Fragment of a bronze dish
or spoon (xxi, 9).
Nothing was found in shaft D, but the pieces of an
uninscribed limestone sarcophagus were lying in a
rock-cut chamber to the west. This could not be
measured or removed for examination, owing to the
treacherous nature of the roof, fragments of which
were frequently falling. The shaft measured
107 inches N.-S., 100 inches E.-W., and was about
40 feet deep. The chamber was 175 inches long
N.-S., 138 inches deep E.-W., and 60 inches high.
An attempt was also made to clear shaft E, but this
had to be given up, owing to the bad condition of its
sides. It measured 99 inches N.-S. and 104 inches
E.-W. A poor xviii dynasty burial was found at the
top of this, some blue glazed beads and a small
figure of a woman in mud being all that was placed
with the body.
Several of the numerous small pits that lie in the
vicinity of this mastaba were opened, but they yielded
nothing with the exception of one or two pottery
vessels. The position of the bodies found was
uniform : head to north, body in contracted position
on left side facing east. These were placed in roughly
cut chambers on the west sides of the shafts.
CHAPTER XI
THE POTTERY.
By FLINDERS PETRIE.
63. THE pottery found this year is of much the
same types as that already published in Medum,
pis. xxx, xxxi. But it is all certainly dated, by
the positions, to the late third and early fourth
dynasties.
The group pi. xxv, 1-19 was all found together
below the lowest water level that we could reach,
in a corner of the brick wall at the foot of the
pyramid causeway. It was doubtless a foundation
deposit of the building of Sneferu there, and is thus
well dated. With it was a piece of a corn-grinder,
as in the later deposits where corn-grinders occur
from the xiith dynasty onward.
The pottery from the tombs is grouped with that
of each tomb together. But, so far as possible, the
order begins with the flat open forms, and proceeds
to the closed-in necked forms. Those marked S are
from the southern tombs, and with S' are from a
single tomb. T denotes the large south tomb of
which a plan is given on pi. xxxi. The numbers
40-42, 44-48 were all from burials found cut into the
chip filling of the approach : they shew that the
ground there was used, like that on each side of
it, for ordinary burials in the iiird-ivth dynasties.
The thick, rough basins of form 65 are common
at this period. They were made with the rough
point in a hole in the ground, and turned round
by hand wiping the body into shape. They are
always very thick, of coarse mud, badly baked ; some
large examples were in the chip filling of the
approach, which dates them to the middle of the
pyramid building. The group 68-71 is from the
north tomb inside the peribolos, and is thus well
dated, like the group 76-82 from the inside of the
great mastaba 17.
64. The later reuse of the cemetery left many
small remains. The mounted scarab, 83, in a silver
ring is of the Hyksos age, but was reused later, as
it was found with the scarab 84 inscribed " Amen-
Ra of Letopolis." The rest of the upper part of
the page, 85 to 108, is from a secondary burial in
tomb 31. The group is well dated by a scarab in
a ring of Amenhotep II, 91, and a scarab of
Tahutmes III, 89. From the style of the objects
they probably do not come later than Amenhotep II.
87 is doubtless an old scarab of the xiith dynasty,
THE POTTERY
37
but 85, 86, 88, 90 are all of the middle of the
xviiith dynasty. The beads are thus dated, 92
to 94 blue glass, 95, 96 sard, 97 blue pottery. 98
is a bronze rivet from woodwork. The pottery
99-103 is not later than Amenhotep II, and shews
the continuance of the Tahutmes III style in 100,
102, before the changes of Amenhotep III. 104 is
Syrian, and probably 102 also. 106, 107 are of
alabaster, and 108 a kohl pot of black serpentine.
The two rings with scarabs are at Liverpool.
109 is a stone vase, probably of the vith dynasty.
110-113 are of the xviiith dynasty. 114 is a
peculiarly thin vase of pale buff ware, found with
the scarab 115 and the serpentine vase 116, which
is certainly of the xviiith dynasty. 1 17-128 are of
the same age.
PI. xxviii, 129-132 yellow and black beads and
scarab of the xixth dynasty. 133 is a scarab of
Siamen, found with a figure of Horus with double
plumes and small beads of dull green glaze, in the
southern tombs. 134 is a light-blue glazed lotus
cup, of which pieces were from the southern tombs.
I35~I39 are from the burial of a child, on the east
side of the mastaba of Nefermaat : see end of
chapter vi. The eye bead 135 is white with blue
spots, a brown ring round them and a green wavy
line ; next is a plain green bead, then a blue glazed
eye with lumpy black lines. 136 is of blue glaze
137 a bronze earring and a green bead, with blue
spots surrounded by goldy-brown lines and white.
These beads are well known, especially in the Delta
where they are dated to the xxiiird dynasty
(Hyksos and Israelite Cities, pi. xix). These give an
approximate date to the Bes pot 138, and the wooden
doll 139.
The pottery 140 to 164 is of the Ptolemaic or
early Roman period, and comes from a site about
two miles north of the pyramid. The piece of
a flint knife, 165, from Meydum belongs to the
iiird or ivth dynasty.
MEMPHIS
By FLINDERS PETRIE
CHAPTER XII
THE TEMPLE OF PTAH.
65. AFTER waiting during the last two years to
overcome local difficulties, we were able this year
to begin hiring the private land which comprises the
site of the temple. Thanks to the initiative of Sheykh
Muhammed Abeyd of Mitraheneh, and his active
help in preparing contracts, we not only used some
land this year, but we made other contracts for future
years.
The fields, or plots in the wide expanse of the site,
which we turned over this year, were ( 1 ) a long strip
almost in the axis of the temple, (2) a plot east of
the axis near the colossus, and (3) another plot north-
east of that. The plots are defined to the nearest
metre, by the land survey and government maps.
Each plot worked was subdivided into measured lots
for separate gangs of workmen. And each block of
sculpture, or of foundations, uncovered in the work,
was registered by its position in the lot of the gang.
Thus, without any complication, an efficient register
can be kept for future study, of the position of every
noteworthy stone or difference of soil, step by step as
found, without needing to keep a large area uncovered.
Of course all sculptured fragments were removed; or if
too large, and without enough detail, they were sketched
and photographed. Thus they can be found again at
any time if required to join later discoveries. The
publication of this register in portions would be of no
use ; so soon as we can complete the examination of
a connected area of ruin, from beneath several different
properties, we can then give a plan of all the remains
found, and shew their connexions.
66. The principal stages of work are illustrated on
pi. xxx. The first step on taking a field is to see
how many working lots it should be divided into,
each gang taking a lot of about 40 or 50 feet square.
These lots must be planned so that half of them can
be worked at one time, heaping the earth on the other
half; the dumping halves must join, two or more
together, so as to hold a higher heap of earth, and the
lots which are being cleared must all be contiguous,
so as to allow of a drainage canal being run through
them all to a suitable spot for pumping.
When the scheme of clearance has been laid out,
work is begun upon the ground as seen in pi. xxx, 4.
The two dump heaps have between them two lots for
gangs, which have been already lowered a few inches.
The smallest infringement, by cutting, or by throwing,
on the next field, will make prompt trouble with the
owner. We also had old boundaries claimed, which
had been rectified years before by common consent ;
and fierce squabbles for hours, until the case was
referred to the official land survey, to which appeal
the disputants would never respond. It is well, if
possible, to get a workman connected with the next
owner, and put him to work on the boundary. On
the other hand, where there was no old village
squabble behind the matter, we had the smoothest of
terms with our neighbours.
The deeper clearing of the lots is seen in fig. 5,
where the men are getting into the mud ground, and
the boys are handling sticky mud. The water level
was only about 3 feet down at the time when we
worked, and all below that needed to be drained.
The Nile mud soil is so close, that a hole can be
dug about a foot under water without becoming wet
for an hour or two. So the plan is to dig quickly
down in a small space, and then when water comes
in connect it with the canal. Thus the ground is
removed for 5 or 6 feet down, as seen in fig. 6, with a
drainage canal running the whole length of the lots,
to the pump at the end, thus removing about 3 feet of
water. The earth in this case has been dumped along
one half of the land continuously. After exhausting
the open land, it was then filled up, and received the
dump from the excavation of the other half. Finally
the whole was levelled again for cultivation.
The last stage of clearance is for the whole of a
38
TEMPLE OF PTAH
39
gang to sink a small pit in the corner of their lot,
fig- 7i two men baling out the pit all day into the
drainage canal at their side. This pit is cut about
6 feet deep, and then widened until sunset. The last
hour of the day, we see every pit probed all over with
iron rods, to about 3 feet into the earth, to feel that there
are no more stones immediately below our feet. At
sunset the pit is abandoned, and the water let into it.
Next day another pit is dug similarly at the side of
it, and the earth thrown into the previous day's pit.
Thus in a week or ten days the gang of men will have
sunk pits to about 12 feet beneath the surface all over
their lot, and probed about 1 5 feet deep.
As to the sufficiency of this depth of working, we
found a copper knife and a glazed hippopotamus,
both of the xiith dynasty, in different places at
7 feet deep ; and a pot of the ivth dynasty at 1 2
feet deep. The foundations of the buildings of the
xviiith dynasty were reached, and the broken pieces
of sculpture which had fallen to the ground were
readily removed. It seems, therefore, that probing
to 15 feet deep will exhaust the chances of any
sculptures, even of the earliest periods.
The site has been so much exhausted for building
stone in the Arab ages, that it is not likely that a
complete turning over of the whole ground would
repay the work. There are 50 acres in the temenos
of Ptah, and the complete clearance costs about
£300 to £400 an acre, so that £15,000 or £20,000
would be required to exhaust the ground. The most
likely scheme is to sink pits covering about an eighth
of the area ; and, wherever stones are found, expand
the work to clear as far as any remains continuously
extend. This might cost perhaps half the amount,
and spread over ten or fifteen years such a search
would be practicable. Of course a thousandth of
the waste of England would do the whole work in
a year ; unhappily it is not the wasting classes but
the saving classes who pay for any useful enter-
prises.
67. The principal results of the work were those
found along the axis of the temple, east to west.
There our strip of work came down on the ruins
of an axial sanctuary of Amenhotep III, built of
quartzite sandstone, and another sanctuary of
Amasis, of the same material and of red granite.
Of the sanctuary of Amenhotep there were
several large blocks unsculptured, and two or three
with only portions of figures. Two other blocks
had heads of figures, of the king offering to Sekhmet,
see pi. xxix, 2, 3. Of these 2 is at Boston, and 3
at Carlsberg. Of the sanctuary of Aahmes there
are the quartzite blocks pi. xxxii, 4, 5, 6, which last
is given in pi. xxix, 4, and the portrait larger in 5.
Beside these there was also a large granite block
with very shallow engraving, in bad condition, copied
in xxxii, 7 ; this bears part of a long horizontal
cartouche, with a serpent above it. The portrait of
Aahmes is rare, and is probably the best that is
known, as it is clearly not conventional. The shape
of the under side of the nose, the form of the lips,
and the pointed chin, shew that the personal detail
was observed. This is at Edinburgh.
68. In the same axial excavation was a block of
compact basalt, with a figure of the Hapi bull in a
ceremonial, xxx, 3. Near the colossus was found
the body of a seated figure about two-thirds of life-
size, xxx, 2, scale 1 : 4, of Amen-mes, the inscription
of which is on pi. xxxi, left side. The lower part
of this figure is in the Miramar collection, see the
catalogue by S. Reinisch, pp. 225-8, pi. xxvii. That
base is said to have been found at Memphis, published
by Brugsch in his Monumens de FEgypte, and then
sent from the viceregal collection to Miramar in
1855. Where the head may be, remains unknown;
but the present publication of the shoulder with the
fracture, may serve to connect it with a head in
some other collection. Our torso describes the person
as Amen-mes son of the doctor Penzerti ; on the part
at Miramar there is the mother's name, Any. He
was devoted to Ptah, as being a Memphite; toTahuti,
as being a royal scribe ; but Neith seems to have
been his personal devotion, as he bears her shuttle
on his breast, his shoulder, and on both knees. The
amulet on the breast is enigmatic ; Dr. Walker
suggests that it reads Ru-ma-kher for Makheru, with
some reference to a lion god. This torso is now at
Manchester ; it is to be hoped that an exchange
of casts between there and Miramar will serve to
enhance both parts of the figure.
Also near the colossus were found a head in basalt
without a name (xxx, 1, scale 2 : 3), a torso in basalt
without a name (xxix, 1, scale 1 : 3), and a damaged
head of granite ; these are at Brussels. Two red
granite drums of columns from the same region bear
figures of Ramessu II offering to Ptah; one is at
Carlsberg, the other at Manchester. A small tablet
from the temple, xxxix, 5, has a figure of the Syrian
god Reshep, adored by a man named hotep
(University College) ; and a part of a figure of a
god in Syrian dress, on a tablet, is now at Brussels.
The red granite cornice of Ramessu VI, pi. xxxi,
THE PALACE
is from the further plot north-east of the colossus.
It mentions the king making monuments, and
erecting a great pylon of fine stone. (Carlsberg.)
These conclude the monuments from the temple of
Ptah. Such completely blindfold work as going
through ten feet of soil in an area of fifty acres,
cannot be expected to give great returns at once ;
but, by steadily clearing portions of it, we may
expect that some important statuary or inscriptions
will occasionally well repay the continuous ex-
cavations.
CHAPTER XIII
THE PALACE.
69. Work was continued this year upon the
palace, but was cut short by the opening of the
site of Ptah, as it was necessary to take advantage
of the disposition of the landowners, when they were
inclined to let their land. As Mr. Wainwright was
occupied with the removal of the Meydum tombs,
till near the end of the season, there was only
Mr. Mackay to manage the Ptah site, except a part
that Mr. Bushe-Fox took towards the end. It was
not possible therefore to continue much work on the
palace mound.
When I first went down to Memphis I started
sinking great pits in the corners of the Great Court.
These shewed that the walls of it, and the lattice
of cross walls that supported the columns, descend
for over 45 feet below the floor. As the columns
shew that the walls of the court were 47 feet high,
the building must have been raised to over 90 feet
of vertical brick walling, of which I have seen 60
feet still standing as a complete wall face. Half of
this height was buried by filling up between the
cross walls of the floor, to a high-level platform.
Thus the great mass of the north end of the palace
was a single erection from the present field level,
or even deeper than that. The southern part,
however, was gradually built at different periods,
as we found three or four stages of building, and
some pottery of the xviiith dynasty, where we
removed the floor of the old broad way. In future
years all this part must be carefully dissected.
70. The fosse, separating the palace from its
approach on the south, was cleared some way down,
removing much of the berms which had been added
to its sides. Here, on the south side, was found
the massive bronze corner of a door, pi. xxxii 3,
xxxiii 13. It is 18 inches wide, 176 high to the
edge, the pivot 16 high and wide. The breadth of
the limbs is 7"4, and the thickness 1*4 inches. The
metal is "25 thick, leaving "o. for the wood. The
cedar planking is still inside of it, fastened by
bronze rivets passing through both plates. The
inscription is of Psamtek II ; but the surface is
clearly lowered from the signs Hor to nebti, from
Hor nub to taui, in the cartouche after Ra, and
over the second cartouche. This suggests that
Taharqa was the original maker, as his Hor nub
name ends in taui, which is on the original face ;
moreover his Horus name would not project above
the hawk, and the face of the bronze has not been
lowered there. (Edinburgh.)
In the fosse was also found a plaster cast of
the head of a young hippopotamus, xxxix, 3. It
is 19 inches high, and is the largest ancient plaster
casting that is known. That it was a casting from
life, is seen by the mode of subsequently marking
the eyes with rough cuts ; if it were a modelled
head the eyes would have been equally modelled.
It was found turned with the smooth back up, as
part of a paving of the fosse, about fifteen feet
below the palace floor of Apries. (Cairo.) Also in
the fosse were found two large rough blocks, of
rock-crystal and of red jasper, evidently brought as
material for working. (Univ. Coll. London.)
In the wall of the great building forming the
south side of the fosse, which was covered by the
berm, our men found some small bronze figures of
Horus, in course of cutting a way through it. They
left the place for me to examine, and I found more
figures in position ; there were in all ten of Horus,
and one of Imhotcp (xxxviii, 5, scale 1:4). I found
that there had been a hole left in the wall, a foot
in each dimension, open on the face. In that the
figures had been placed, wrapped in cloth, and
packed in earth, to within two inches of the face.
Then they were plastered up, leaving the face quite
smooth, and the whole was whitewashed over
uniformly. They were probably for the conservation
or protection of the building, and they explain many
other stray groups of bronzes found in ruins. The
largest Horus is of excellent work, now at Chicago ;
the Imhotep is at University College, London ; and
the other figures at minor museums.
In the palace court, just at the foot of a wall,
was found the long steel sword, xxxviii, 2. Over
it was the steel framing of the scabbard, here put
by its side. The handle is of bone ; the blade is
THE ARAMAIC LABELS
41
23-3 inches long, tang 5:8, total 29-1 inches long, and
19 wide at the shoulder. This is probably of the
Persian age. (Cairo.)
Two more pieces of the great pylon were found,
and are shewn on pi. xxxi. The upper piece with
palanquins joins the scene on pi. vi, and the lower one
with Tahuti joins pi. v, of The Palace of Apries.
These have been sent to join the scenes in museums.
71. The principal discovery at the palace was
at the west end of the fosse, on the southern side.
There, beneath a berm which contained a late
Ptolemaic coin, we found a layer of dust and rubbish,
which contained the sweepings of an office that
had existed in the upper part of the building above
it. In this dust were dozens of clay sealings from
parcels — none from papyri — mostly bearing im-
pressions of seals, and a dozen labels of wood split
very thin. As many of the seals are Persian, the
whole may be dated to the vth century B.C., during
the Persian occupation.
With these seals and labels were many small
objects : an ivory eye for a bull's head, life-size ; a
piece of scale-pattern Greek pottery, like that of
Defneh, vith cent. ; some inlay of coloured glass ;
part of a mottled blue and black glazed bowl ; long
barrel glazed beads ; a rude papyrus sceptre, and
Anubis, of light blue glaze ; a Cypraea shell with
brown pattern (249) ; and a bronze palmetto for
inlaying with glass or stone (266). The series of
arrowheads shews that many different types were
used together, the solid triangular head (252-4) for
piercing armour, the short three-bladed ones (255-260)
for face wounds, the long-blade heads (261-3) f°r limb
wounds. One of the longest blades (261) has been bent
round into a finger-ring. One of the short heads
(256) still has the casting duct attached to the point ;
as the point and edges had to be ground sharp it was
best to grind off the duct in this way. The numbers
here refer to figures in the plates of the paper on
glazing factories, in the volume of Historical Studies
of this year.
72. The Aramaic labels which were found here
(pi. xxxiv) are mostly made of naturally split slips
of wood, so thin as to be elastic originally. Only M,
which is an incised slip, is of artificially smoothed
wood and thicker than the others. Each label had a
small hole toward the tapering end, evidently in order
to tie it on to the parcel. From the delicate thick-
ness of the label, and the small hole for the string, it
is evident that these labels were attached to small
parcels of only a pound or two in weight. A heavy
parcel could hardly be handled without dragging off
such a label. It seems most probable therefore that
they belonged to the parcels on which the seals were
placed, that were found with them in the same
stratum. The labels and seals are now in the Ash-
molean Museum, excepting two of the clearest, C and
H, which were kept at Cairo ; there can be no question
in the reading of these two.
The black ink upon the dark brown wood of the
label does not shew clearly in a photograph ; one,
however, is given in the Historical Studies volume,
fig. 267, which is label C here in the plate xxxiv.
As soon as the labels were found, and before there
was any chance of deterioration, owing to a some-
what powdery surface of some of them, I drew them
to double the original size ; the plate shews them
here of the actual size. The drawings were made
with the aid of a strong magnifier, to examine the
labels in different lights, repeatedly comparing them
with the copy. Mr. A. Cowley of the Bodleian
Library, after examining the labels and the drawings,
states : " The copies are so accurate that the originals
add very little to the chances of decipherment."
I have particularly to thank Mr. Cowley for bring-
ing to bear on these labels his knowledge of Aramaic,
which is so well known through his masterly work
in connexion with the Aswan Papyri. I here place
together Mr. Cowley's observations, first made on the
copies, and later on the originals. The labels are
distinguished by letters, and only the Aramaic side is
considered at present. The first or second lines are
marked 1 or 2 after the reference letter. Ai and Ci
are the same, apparently Trmusi or Trmnsi, for which
a suggestion has been made of the Aramaic for
" beans," the modern Arabic Urine's, " lupins," but
such labels could not belong to heavy goods, such as
field produce. Di is probably the same as Fi, but
no reading is proposed. Fi ends in bith, house.
M reads Adon, " lord," but is probably incomplete.
Turning now to the second lines, C2, D2, E2, and
perhaps J2, all apparently begin with the letter beth ;
and, if so, the following letters are probably names of
months. In C2 we may read Pakhons ; in D2 a
possible spelling for Paophi (cf. Aswan Papyri H, 1).
E2, G2, and J 2 are apparently the same, and seem to
read Phamenoth. The first vau and final pe are in
accord with the original Egyptian form Pen Amunfiotep
for the name of the month. F2 ends in ti, though
Pharmuthi hardly seems possible.
It is evident that very hasty writing is to be
expected here, as shewn by the variants of Ai and
42
THE PALACE
Ci. The third and fourth letters vary considerably ;
the second letter seems to be a new form, and the
fifth letter is very strange. All this suggests that we
have Aramaic here from a different region to that of
the Aramaic papyri at present known.
The demotic inscriptions have been examined by
Mr. F. LI. Griffith, who finds them very illegible, as
are the Aramaic. A reads " The ... of year 3,
fourth month of verdure (Khoiah) " ; C " the . . .
of year 3, first month of harvest (Pakhons)." G may
be somewhat similar. H shews "... copy ? . . .
800 . . . ." J2 reads "third month of verdure (Athyr),
day 4 (?)•"
73. The sealings are from three sources, Egyptian,
Persian, and Greek. They are nearly all given in
drawings pi. xxxvi, and mostly in photographs
pi. xxxv. The numbering of each sealing, and the
arrangement in lines, are the same in both plates ;
hence a few numbers are omitted on each plate, where
a sealing only appears on the other. 1 is from a scarab
of Sety I, upon the same block with 2, " Ptah protect
Heremheb." 1 may be an older scarab, but 2 is
certainly of the xxvith dynasty ; it is curious to see
two early names thus together. 3 is a kneeling figure
(Hapi ?) with the name Men-kheper-ra, probably
Nekau I, the latest king with that name. 4 is
" Uah-ab-ra-senb " (" the health of Apries "). 5 is
" Uah-ab-ra " (Apries). On the same block was 6,
" Pedu-neit-nebt-Senu " (Esneh), and a phrase con-
cerning Tahuti. 7 reads " The servant of Bast, Hez-
er-suten-apt (" the crown at the royal palace ") son
of Tahuti ar maat (" Tahuti doing justice," written
enigmatically, with the lion for ma) son of Pedu . . ."
8 reads "... prophet of Hapi, Tahuti, and Khnumu,
Pen-Amen." 9 is "Neit protect Uza-ran-her-desher."
10 reads " Zed-bast-auf." 1 1 is "Ptah protect Pedu . . ."
12 is " Neit protect Hor-kkebt" (" Horus in Khebt").
13 is " Ra-mes son of Pedu h . . ." 14 is " Pedu-
neit." 15 is a roughly cut group of signs. 16 is
" maat-kheper." 17 is "Servant of Horus." 18, (?),
19 is Tahuti seated with a strange figure, possibly an
ape. 20 is a king and Ptah (?). 21 is the most inter-
esting of all the Egyptian seals ; the name is Aahmes,
and the mes is figured as a fox's skin with two foxes
as supporters. The meaning of the sign has been told
to the Greek engraver, and he has transmuted it into
regular Mykenaean style.
We now reach the Persian seals. 22 is the
fragmentary inscription from a cylinder with a group
of dragons, which has not yet been connected
together or translated. 23 is a small fragment of
cuneiform inscription, apparently the same as 22.
24 is a palm tree with an ibex rampant. 25, 26, 27
are parts of groups of the king subduing dragons.
28 shews a palm tree between two bird-headed
gryphons rampant (see Hayes Ward, Seal Cylinders
697). 29, 30, 31 are again the king subduing
dragons. 32 shews two dragons only.
The Greek seals are of interest from their early
date, as very few gems are known so early. 33
seems to be Athena and an owl (?) on a water
plant. 34 is a gryphon looking back. 35 is a stag
and a branch. 36 is very indistinct, but may be
Europa on the bull with a tree behind. 37 is
indistinct, and the subject may be possibly at right
angles to the position here, a figure standing (?).
Having only one impression, all the accidents are
confused with the design. 38 is probably one of
the Dioscuri with a crescent and star. 39 is a very
remarkable seal, at present without parallel. It was
a cylinder impressed four times over, on each of
three different sealings, yielding twelve fragmentary
impressions, from which the drawing is built up.
The clay was over the tails of string which secured
a package. The subject is that of two men holding
a kid between them ; the kid was a sacred animal
in parts of Asia Minor. They are stretching out
their hands over it, just as the eight nations of the
Samnites arc shewn on their coins stretching out
their hands over the pig, in swearing the oath against
Rome. The meaning seems to be that the men
are repeating an oath of alliance over the kid.
Behind one man is the conventionalised spread
eagle of the Hittites, in a late form. Behind the
other is a king on his throne, holding a whip, and
a long-stemmed cylix. The separation of the bowl
and the stem is probably accidental, as there is but
one impression which shews the cup. Behind the
king is a bow in its case, which is characteristic of
the Euxine region, and eastward to Media. This
seal is that of an alliance of the last remains of the
Hittites with a king in Pontos, or some region near
that ; the design is apparently unique in its character
and subject. It was doubtless affixed to the packets
of some export which was a state monopoly, such as
the Sandaraca or Realgar, red sulphide of arsenic,
from the state mine described by Strabo (XII, iii, 40)
at Pompeiopolis in Paphlagonia. This mineral is
found imported into Egypt.
74. PI. xxxvii. In connexion with the palace
seals we may describe others on pi. xxxvii ; the
numbers on this plate continue from the previous,
THE SEALINGS
43
so that the number of the seal defines it. First we
may note 40, a copper adze which was in the hands
of a Gizeh dealer early in the season, and is not
likely to have come from Meydum, although bearing
the name of Snefru. It is of nearly the same form
as the adze found in the tomb of Rahotep (Medum,
xxix, 11). It belonged to a man named Mer-hez-
Sneferu, " loving the crown of Sneferu," who was a
slum su, a squire, or shield-bearing follower, as shewn
by the shield and the determinative of legs walking.
(University College, London.)
41 is a black-clay seal from a papyrus, found in
the western part of the city. It reads " KJmfu, Horns
Neb . . . , Khnumu-Khuijy Now the Horus name
of Khufu was Mezer, and not Neb . . . ; hence this
name Neb . . . must belong to Khnumu-Khuf. This
strongly shews that Khufu and Khnumu-Khuf
were distinct persons. And with this agrees there
being two separate tablets in Sinai (L.D. ii, 2), two
separate cartouches together on the tomb of
Khemten (l.d. ii, 26), and different cartouches in the
same tomb of the vth dynasty (l.d. ii, 50).
42, a seal found loose in the palace, reading
"Servant of Neit, Er-shenu-un-nofer son of Zed-
bast-u-ankh." See 268 in Historical Studies.
43, a seal found upon a papyrus document in
demotic, which Mr. Griffith would date to Darius,
or not before Amasis (see 270). The official title
mer sahu, keeper of the seal, is known in connexion
with tombs in the demotic period, so it does not
imply that the king was living at the time of the
seal being used. And this prayer " Seher-ab-ra
protect the keeper of the seal, Psamtek," is like that
offered to gods on other seals (2, 9, II, 12). It
seems therefore that this belonged to the keeper of
the tomb of king Seher-ab-ra. The document, and
another, relate to a sale of land by a certain
Harmakhri, and they are despatched by the keeper
of the seal Psamtek. The land was 104 aruras, in a
village in the nome of Herakleopolis. 44 is the seal
from the other document found with that just named
(see 269 in Historical Studies). It reads Ptah-
hotep-her, with two ankhs.
45 is a limestone stamp or seal. It bears captives
of the three subject races, Syrian, Libyan, and Negro,
with sss and a tortoise. On the back a gazelle
bound, and a uraeus.
46 was found about the palace ; it is from a
papyrus. The main figure is one that does not
occur in Mr. Hayes Ward's great work on Seal
Cylinders. It combines the man, bull, bird, and
scorpion ; the nearest parallel is in the book of
Revelation, ch. ix : " On their heads were crowns
like gold, and their faces were as the faces of men.
And they had hair as the hair of women, . . . and the
sound of their wings was as the sound of chariots. . . .
And they had tails like unto scorpions, . . . and the
heads of the horses were as the heads of lions," in
this case as the head of a bull. The other figure is
well known in archaic Greek art (as on the bronze
plaque from Olympia), the winged female holding
lions by the legs, called by Michaelis the " Asiatic
nature-goddess." In this case the animals are
dragons, and the goddess's wing ends in a dragon's
head. The lotus border below points to this seal
having been engraved in Egypt, though it might
perhaps be derived from the Assyrian lotus borders.
47 is a badly cut seal of Ra-nefer-ab, Psamtek II.
48 shews Ptah and another figure very roughly done.
49 reads Hor-pa-sa, Horus the son (of Isis).
50 is a most interesting seal of the Jonah or Jason
type. It is absolutely dated, as it is impressed four
times upon the back of a rough pottery stamp, the
subject of which is a cartouche of Amasis, dated
therefore between 570 and 526 B.C. As an example
of vith-century Greek gem engraving, it is perhaps
the earliest dated stage of the classical school. The
minuteness of the work is surprising, the drawing
here being nearly three times the original diameter.
The subject is that of a man emerging from a sea-
monster, and resting his elbow upon the level of the
land. This is of course most familiar to us in the
story of Jonah ; and the same idea is seen on
the Greek vase with the sea-monster ejecting Jason
(Vatican), though the incident does not occur in
Greek literature, and can only be identified by the
name on the vase. There is a large group of subjects
of the sea-monster, attacked by Herakles, Perseus, or
Marduk, or befriending man as Arion or Melkart,
or Melicertes. On the whole cycle of these, and the
fish as the emblem of Hades, see Hans Schmidt,
Jona, 1907. So far as our seal is concerned, there are
only the Jonah and the Jason stories to account for
it, as there is no other instance of the man issuing
from the monster.
The name Jonah, or " the dove," seems a curious
one to be borne by a man. The prophet belonged
to Galilee, as he was of Gath-hepher (2 Kings xiv
25), which is identified with El Meshed, three miles
north-east of Nazareth, where the tomb of Jonah is
honoured. Now in the Northern Kingdom the dove
was a sacred emblem, as in the Talmud, — " By
44
THE HOUSES AND SMALL REMAINS
Cuthites we are to understand Samaritans, whose
idol was the image of a dove . . . (see Chulin fol. 6a) "
(Hershon, Treasures of the Talmud, p. 188) ; hence
it was natural for " the dove " to be a religious name.
How far this is linked with the earlier dove worship
in Cyprus, the emblem of a dove for the Holy Spirit
in primitive Christianity, and the present Syrian
worship of El-Tauz — the bird, is beyond our present
subject.
CHAPTER XIV
THE HOUSES AND SMALL REMAINS.
75. THE minor objects found in the work at
Memphis will be here described in the order of the
plates.
PI. xxxiii, 1. A small capital in limestone,
scale 1 : 3, thin, alike on two opposite sides, probably
belonging to a balustrade. (Univ. Coll.)
2 to II. Lamps of new types, which will be in-
cluded in the account of the burnt houses. Scale 1 : 3.
12. Leaden model dish with design of animals, and
base ring below, both sides struck from dies, scale 5 : 3.
Other leaden model trays were discovered before
{Palace of A pries, xv), which were thought to be only
toys ; but the fine work of this dish, struck from dies,
points to its being a pattern. Probably such lead
models were made for the silversmiths to carry with
them, both for taking orders and for scaling out their
work. The style of this is more Persian than Greek,
the lions and gryphons being quite Oriental. It
therefore probably dates about 400 B.C. (Cairo.) 13
has been described, sect. 70.
14 is a limestone head-rest of the usual outline,
but with a small shrine cut in the side of it. This
was doubtless to contain an image of a god, in order
to guide the dreams of the sleeper. (Univ. Coll.)
Such a custom of putting an amulet under the pillow
is still followed in Upper Egypt, as my friend
Mr. Somers Clarke has observed.
1 5 is a false door (scale 1:6) of good work, but
probably Ptolemaic. (Rochdale.) A larger one, broken
up, was found at the south side of the great burnt
house, south of the pottery kilns. On the northern
side of that house we found, lying on the ground-
level, many bronze corners of shutters, both hinges
and fore-corners, with the bushes for the pivots to
work in, and a bronze bolt. (Carlsberg, Manchester,
Rochdale, Brighton, and Boston.) These had fallen
out in the burning of the house, which must have
been an immense conflagration. All of the walls
have been denuded away, and some weeks of work
here only disclosed the solid block of raised base-
ment, and the flight of stone steps for access to the
house itself.
PI. xxxvii. The upper objects on this plate have
been described in sect. 74. The black pottery of the
lower part of the plate was all found together, as
a heap of fragments from a factory north-east of the
glazing kilns. Nothing was complete, but by sorting all
the pieces I could restore the forms given here. The
ware is thin, hard, black or dark bistre brown, occa-
sionally orange where air has been admitted in firing.
It is probably early Roman by the style, but none
was found in the burnt houses of 50 A.D. The
influence of leather work is seen upon 56, and in
some other details.
76. PI. xxxviii, 1. The iron crowbar (scale 1 : 5)
was found on the north-eastern side of the city, close
to the cultivation, and so far below the field-level that
it is probably of the Roman age. The iron splitting
wedge was in the bottom of the fosse, left behind
when the palace was quarried for stone. (Univ. Coll.)
2 has been described, sect. 70.
3 are gold earrings (scale 5 : 3), found with another
pair in a broken jar-neck, on the floor of a house
which had been heaped over with wasters from the
glazing kilns. Their date is probably late Ptolemaic,
and they shew how skilfully granulated work was
done then. (Manchester 2, Liverpool, New York.)
4 is a necklace of red coral and hollow gold
beads, with three hollow gold earrings. The thin
gold is backed with plaster. It is seldom so much
coral is found. This was to the east of the Proteus
temple. (Univ. Coll.) 5 has been described, sect. 70.
6 is a trial piece of a model in limestone, to
practise the details of windows and openings used
in a fort. Compare the piece of a fort model in
Memphis I, xxxiii. (Univ. Coll.)
PI. xxxix, 1 is a small cubical altar (scale 2 : 3)
with figures of a uraeus and a vulture ; inscription
Neiphor . . . ; a palm tree ; and a bust of Bes, or a
warrior, with palm branches. (Ashmolean.)
2 are examples of grinders made of quartzite, for
grinding out stone vases ; a large quantity was found
by a native digger, evidently from a factory ; the
best set is at University College, and others in five
museums. 3 is described already, sect. 70.
4, small alabaster vases in course of manufacture.
1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 have all been drilled too deeply ; 3 was
split; 8 was for a compound vase like 14 ; 9 to 13
THE DATED GROUPS
45
are all solid pieces, shewing how the block was
roughed out to begin with, and ground into shape,
before drilling out. Allotted like the grinders, which
were for much larger vases.
15 is a head-rest of a plain bit of log flattened
below and above, from Meydum. 5 is described,
sect. 68.
yj. PI. xl. Three burnt houses in the eastern
part of the city were carefully cleared, removing only
the burnt earth, so that everything that we found had
been in use at the same period in the house. In each
house coins were found ; these were late Ptolemaic
in all three houses, with coins of Claudius (41-54 A.D.)
in B and C, and a coin much worn and decayed,
but probably of Tiberius, in A. As the enormous
coinage of Nero, which was begun in his 3rd year,
57 A.D., and culminated in his 12th year, 66 A.D., was
totally absent here, it is very unlikely that any of
these houses can be as late as 60 or 70. About
50 A.D., within a few years either way, seems the
probable date ; and if we seek for any reason why
three large houses were burnt, at some distance
apart, at the same period, we might look to the
Jewish riots soon after the accession of Nero, about
55 A.D.
78. The lamps will be taken as a whole later on.
The house B contained the following objects : 8 green
glazed bird, 9 bronze jug-handle, 10 bronze arm hold-
ing ankk, 11 cat's head, 12 bronze lamp, 13 Agatho-
daimon with serpent tail, 14-15 Apis heads, 16
pottery draughtsman, 17-18 bronze arrowheads, 19
cock-head handle, 20, 22 bronze nails, 21 pottery rings,
23 green uza eye, 24 bronze fish-hook, 25 Bes pendant,
26 piece of pottery strainer imitating metal, 27 cup,
30 head of Isis, 31 head of Horus, 32 jar-neck, 33
limestone block with foot, and the pottery in pi. xli,
29-50. (Carlsberg.)
House A contained : 34 bust of Horus, 37 painted
pottery, 38 cat and head, 39 Horus seated, 40 head
of Horus, 41, 42 painted pottery, 43 Murex shell, 44
camel head, 45 painted pottery, 46, 47, 48 jar-necks,
and the pottery pi. xli, 1-28. (Brussels.)
House C contained : 49 side of mortarium EDVC.
LVP .... GRA . . CA, 52 horse, 53 head of Horus, 54
hollow bronze ring, cast cire perdue but without any
visible neck for the core, 55 cat's head, 56 head of
Isis, 57 warrior running to left, high relief in blue-
green glaze, 58, 59 painted pottery, 62 painted pot-
tery brown on red, perhaps Nubian, 63 lamp cover
of pottery, 64 painted pottery. There was no plain
pottery with this group. (Munich.)
79. We shall now deal with the whole of the
pottery lamp types found (1) in houses A, B, C ; (2)
in the heaps of furnace waste and grit, high up to
the south of the " late wall " in Kom el Qalama
{Memphis /, pi. i), attributed to late Ptolemaic age ;
and (3) with a very large Samian dish of the first
century A.D. These independent evidences of age —
in three houses by coins, in waste heaps by glazed
pottery, and by Samian ware — serve to fix the age
of some dozens of types of lamps ; these will, in turn,
also fix the types which are closely similar. In
Roman Ehnasya, 1905, I published a thousand types
of pottery lamps, which in the rougher classes is a
sufficient corpus for defining other specimens. Each
class has a letter assigned to it, and each type has
a number in its class. Here we shall refer all lamps
to that corpus. The numbers preceding the letter
are those on pi. xl. The numbers in thick type are
new forms here published.
A
B
5.A90
c
A40
5CA70
A92
Heaps.
A89
Bl8
Samian.
B93
B83-93
B94-6
29,D2
3.D28
2.D92
...
...
• • •
EI9
...
E24
E25
E82
I.E69
.
E84
F37
4.F34
...
...
(xxxiii, 6)
...
...
35.J44
...
...
J53
J 54
...
J 54
J63
J60
J63
J90
J92
J88
...
* * •
Kio
L55
L67
P25
...
O88
(handle
* • ■
P28
...
P33
as V, 10)
P70
6,P4o
P70
...
P77
P56
...
...
P86
. ■ .
...
...
R16
• • •
...
...
R8
36,Rm
5i,S43
S43
7.TI2
61TJ46
60AV79
pot as
xli,n.
The new forms shewn on pi. xxxiii are 4,D9I ;
2.K26; 7,S4i; H.S42; 8,U2. The variants of old
forms are 9,693 ; 10,694; 3,Di ; 5,H6; 6^37.
46
THE HOUSES AND SMALL REMAINS
In the plate of pottery, xli, those marked BLUE
14, 15, 29, and GREEN 36, are of glazed ware. 15 is
a solid mass, either a capital or a stand. One jar-
handle with Apolonida, 17, serves to give a date for
the late thick circular handle. 11 and 12 are the
commonest type, of which these are the extreme
varieties with forty others between them. 46 is a
wide strainer. 50 is of polished black Greek pottery.
51-53 are probably of the xxvith dynasty; they
were found at the side of the stepped wall, see
Palace of Apries, x bottom, xii bottom. 54 is of the
xxvith dynasty (Defenneh, xxxiv, 19, 20). 55 is
of the xviiith dynasty, copying a wreath with red
tips to the leaves ; it was below the stepped wall.
56 is from parts of a thick black polished bowl found
in the town, probably Ptolemaic. 57 is from parts
of a rough red vase with imitations of metal
handles, found in working close to the north-west
of the palace.
80. The terra-cotta heads were seldom found in
the work of this year, as we were not excavating in
the foreign quarter from which they come ; but I
secured all that I could of those found by the natives.
The numbers here on pis. xlii to xlvi are continuous
from those previously published in Memphis I and //.
133-5 are apparently Egyptians; 134 and 135
are of limestone, very few Egyptian heads being
found in pottery. 136-8 are Scythians ; the varied
physiognomy of the Scythian heads is of importance,
as shewing the different races who were similar in
their dress and life. 139 is Sumcrian, and probably
141 to 145 also. 140 is an Indian, similar to that
found before (36), as seen by the wreath, the position
of the arms, the large amulet, and the deep umbilical
line.
146 is a limestone head of the Merakles type.
147-150 are of usual Greek types. 15 1-2 have the
rounded face and heavy jaw of the Pergamenes.
153-4 are of the Mausolos type.
155-162 are of the usual Greek type. 163 gives
an indication of the meaning of these figures bearing
jars. Upon the jar, retrograde, is HP above and AI
below, probably referring to Hera and Dios (Zeus),
and shewing that this represents a jar-bearer in a
festival of those gods. 164 is a limestone head, with
a veil like that of Arsinoe Philadelphos. 166-7 are
of the same type, not identified elsewhere. 168 is a
very peculiar and forcible type ; the heavy circular
earring should help to identify the source. 169-17 1
are examples of how work decayed later, reducing
the hair to a geometrical pattern.
The remaining heads, 172-188, cannot at present
be identified, owing to the lack of any collection of
ancient portraiture. Most of them are so distinctive
that their connexion would be easily settled if we
had the material for comparison.
INDEX
Aahmes, sanctuary of, 39
sealing of, 42
stamp of, 43
Accuracy of granite sarcophagus, 16
Adze of Mer-hez-Sneferu, 43
Agathodaimon, with serpent's tail, 45
Alabaster vases, 6, 27, 37
Alliance, sealing of, 42
Altar of Sezefu, 6, 28
Greek, 44
Amasis, sanctuary of, 39
Amenhotep III, sanctuary of, 39
Amen-mes, figure of, 39
Amulets, 41
Apis heads, pottery, 45
Approach to pyramid, 2, 6-8
form of, 7
filling of, 7
history of, 7, 8
Apries palace, quarry marks, 9
see Palace
Aramaic labels, 41
Arrowheads, 41, 45
Asiatic Nature-goddess, 43
Basalt figures, 39
Basket burials, 30, 31, 32, 33
Beads, 22, 37, 41
Bones, fractured, 29
Bow in case, of Euxine, 42
Box coffins, 28-30
Brick for a pillow, 29
Bricks, sizes of, 17, 22
Bronze arm with ankh, 45
arrowheads, 45
door-hinge, from palace, 40
figures in wall, 40
fish-hook, 45
jug-handle, 45
Bronze lamp, 45
ring cast hollow, 45
Bull's eye of ivory, 41
Burial, absent from tomb, 27
classes of, 29, 30
direction of, 6, 30, 36
in north peribolus tomb, 12
in northern tombs, 28-35
in baskets, 30
in boxes, 30
in pan, 32
positions of, 29
table of, 30
Burnt house with bronze fittings, 44
A, B, and C, 45
Bushe-Fox, Mr., 1, 40
Calf, wooden, 36
Camel head, figure of, 45
Capital of limestone, 44
Captives on seal, 43
Cat, pottery, 45
Cemetery boundary wall, 2, 8
southern, 6
Charm-figures walled up, 40
Cists in floors of tombs, 26
Clothing in iiird dynasty, 29
Coins in burnt houses, 45
Copper adze of iiird dynasty, 43
bowl, 10
knife, 39
models of axes, 4
Coral and gold necklace, 44
Cowley, Mr. A., 41
Cubit lengths, 17, 21
Cup, lotus, 37
Cypraea shell, 41
Dates of quarry marks, 9
47
48
INDEX
Demotic labels, 42
papyri, 43
Direction of burial, 6
Dismemberment of bodies, 1 5, 19, 20
Doll, wooden, 22
Door-hinge, bronze, of Psamtek II, 40
Dragons and king, on sealings, 42
Dream pillow, 44
Dynasty, xxii, burials of, 22, 27
Eagle of Hittites, 42
Earrings, gold, 44
Egyptian heads, 46
Er-shenu-un-nofer, sealing of, 43
Europa on bull, sealing, 42
Excavations, below water-level, 38
cost of, 39
register of, 38
Festival of Hera and Dios, 46
Fletcher, Mr. Benton, 1
Flint scraper used for stone dressing, 17
Foot on limestone block, 45
Fort, model of, 44
Girdle tie, carved, 4
Glass inlay, 41
Glazed ware, 45, 46
Gold earrings, 44
Goldsmiths' trade models, 44
Granite vase, 6, 26
Greek pottery, scale pattern, 41
Greeks, heads of different types, 46
Griffith, Mr. F. LI., 42, 43
Grinders for making vases, 44
Grooves on pyramid face, 1
Gryphons, bird-headed, on seals, 42
on leaden dish, 44
Hairpins, 32
Handle of amphora, dated, 46
Hapi bull figured, 39
Harmakhri, in papyrus, 43
Head-rests, 29, 45
with shrine inside, 44
Hera and Dios, festival of, 46
Heremheb, sealing of, 42
Hez-er-suten-apt, sealing of, 42
Hippopotamus, glazed, 39
plaster cast of, 40
Hittite spread eagle, 42
Hor-khebt, sealing of, 42
Hor-pa-sa, sealing of, 43
Horus figures in wall, 40
Imhotep, bronze of, 40
Indian, figure of, 46
Iron arrowhead, 44
wedge, 44
Ivory bull's eye, 41
Jason emerging from fish, 43
Jasper block, 40
Jonah emerging from sea-serpent, 43
meaning of name of, 43
Kalendar, quarry marks, 9
Kkaker ornament, 5
Khnumu-Khufu, seal of, 43
Labels, Aramaic, 41
Lamps, Roman, types of, 45
Leaden model dish, 44
Mackay, Mr. E., 1, 10, 22, 24, 28, 35, 40
Mastaba No. 17, dimensions, 17
excavation of, 3, 13
interior of, 3, 14
interment in, 4, 14
plundered, 14
Mastabas, see Sculptures
southern, 36
Memphis, work at, 1, 38
Men-kheper-ra (Nekau I), sealing, 42
Mer-hez-Sneferu, adze of, 43
Mes sign, three foxes, 42
Meydum, spelling of, 1
work at, 1,6
Midgley, Mr., 16, 29
Miramar, half of figure at, 39
Monopoly, state, of realgar, 42
Monster, Babylonian, 43
Months on labels, 41
INDEX
Months of quarry marks, 9
Mortarium, 45
Mounds of chips, 35
Mummy, see Skeleton
bandage, knee to ankle, 6
Murex shell, 45
49
Pyramid of Sneferu, drawings of, 9
time of building, 9
Pyramid builders' waste, 7, 13, 35
Quarry marks, 2, 9
Nefer-ab-ra (Psamtek II), sealing of, 43
Nefermaat, mastaba of, 4, 1 8-2 2
dimensions of, 21
excavating of, 4
plan, 4, 21
coffin of, 20
skeleton of, 18, 19
Oars of copper, 36
Oath over a kid, 42
Orientation of burial, 6
Palace of Apries, 40
foundations of, 40
fosse, 40
Palmetto, bronze, 41
Papyrus of Persian age, 43
Pedu-neit, sealing of, 42
Pedu-neit-nebt-senu, sealing of, 42
Pent-roofed chambers, 26
Peribolus tombs, 2
southern, 10, 11
northern, 12, 13
Persian seals, 41, 42
sword, 40
Pivot blocks, 5
Plaster cast from hippopotamus, 40
Pontos, king of, 42
Portcullises not lowered, 6, 24
Pottery of iiird dynasty, 36
of xviiith „ 37
late, 37
Pottery, black, Roman, 44
Pottery-pan burial, 32
Psamtek, keeper of the seal, 43
Ptah temple, site of, 38-40
Pylon, Great, pieces of, 41
Pyramid of Sneferu, 1
clearing of, 1
approach to, 2
temple of, 2, 8
Rames, sealing of, 42
Ramessu II, columns of, 39
VI, cornice, 39
Reshep, tablet of, 39
Rock-crystal block, 40
Ruffer, Dr., 16, 19
Sarcophagus, granite, 16
Scale pattern on Greek pottery, 41
Scarabs in xviiith dynasty, 36
of xxist „ 37
Sculptures removed, 4
distribution of, 5
Scythians, heads of, 46
Sealings of Persian age, 41, 42
Seher-ab-ra, king, 43
Serpentine vase, 37
Sety I, sealing of, 42
Sezefu, altar of, 6, 28
Skeleton, unfleshed, 4, 12, 15, 18
measurements, 16, 30
positions of, 29
Sneferu, pyramid of, 1
Steel sword, 40
Stone dressing, 17, 25, 32
Stone vases, grinders for, 44
spoiled in making, 44
Sumerians, heads of, 46
Sword, Persian, 40
Teeth, condition of, 29, 33
Temple of Sneferu, 2, 8
Terra-cotta heads, 46
Tombs, great western, 5, 22-24
construction, 22
measurements, 23, 24
far western, 6, 24-28
construction, 24
types of, 25
floor cists, 26
pent-roofed, 26
5o
INDEX
Tombs, far western, dimensions, 28
northern, described, 28-35
classes of, 29
southern mastabas, 36
Tools used in cutting tombs, 32
Uah-ab-ra, sealing of, 42
Uah-ab-ra-senb, sealing of, 42
Unfleshing, custom of, 4, 12, 15, 18, 19
Uza-ran-her-desher, sealing of, 42
Vase-grinders, 44
Vases spoiled in making, 44
Wainwright, Mr. G., 1, 6, 13, 18, 40
Wall containing bronze figures, 40
Water-level, 2
Window fittings of bronze, 44
Woodwork, 20
Wrapping of skeleton, 4, 15, 18, 19
of burials, 29-35
Vases of stone in tombs, 6, 26, 27, 37
Zed-bast-auf, sealing of, 42
Printed by Ifazill, Watun <S- Vinty, Ld., London and Aylesbury.
MEYDUM. PYRAMID AND APPROACH.
SECTION OF FILLED UP APPROACH, A B.
GROOVE ON EAST FACE OF PYRAMID.
-
' 1 ^f^^^7
' 1 If m
■ I J
\
WEST END OF FILLED UP APPROACH.
S NEFERMAAT CHAMBER DOOR.
1:1200
MEYDUM. APPROACH AND CAUSEWAY.
II.
PYRAMID
« 4|
5
TEMPLE
PERIBOL.US WALL
SkvA\\w\Vv.«AV. gEB3B33SCgg3 ^ 538 BBS 5SSB3 g BBSBBi EBEBS5amaBggaBEgBEaBmBHOaMaP3ggigBE««ggMi
G.W.
1:800
MEYDUM. PYRAMID APPROACH, SECTION. MASTABA OF NEFERMAAT.
III.
1:400
mmmmmm
1:100
MEYDUM. MASTABA OF NEFERMAAT, SECTIONS.
IV.
/////////////////////////M
N. & S. SECTION OF CHAMBER.
SECTION OF PIT & CHAMBER IN PLANE OF N. WALL.
CW.
PLAN OF CHAMBER.
1:6
MEYDUM. PYRAMID QUARRY MARKS.
§j£35«P£
vv A
w
1:6
MEYDUM. PYRAMID QUARRY MARKS.
VI.
\S
a
r\
14
L5
c.w.
MEMPHIS. PALACE QUARRY MARKS.
\
VJ o A /•-,)
23 A
.;
**'**•*,
li.*-» "
29
"l
•m
\<
MEYDUM. PERIBOLUS TOMBS.
SOUTH TOMB, PASSAGE WAY.
NORTH TOMB, GENERAL VIEW
SOUTH TOMB, PASSAGE END.
1:800
MEYDUM. PERIBOLUS TOMBS, NORTH AND SOUTH OF PYRAMID.
VIII.
=*Ti=l
E.M.
MEYDUM. TOMBS IN PERIBOLUS.
IX.
^N~
LtViL OF D E S E. « T
100 rsECi
SOUTH TOMB jpLA
N
\
\ \ \ \ VX \ \
\\ \[PASSAGE
N \ \ SECTION v
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1:40
0
0
CHAMBER OF NORTH TOMB
NORTH TOMB
LEVEL Of PYRAMID RUBBISH
SECTI
0''} sf
MEYDUM. MASTABA, No. 17.
GRANITE SARCOPHAGUS.
PLUNDERERS' HOLE IN PASSAGE.
MEYDUM. MASTABA No. 17, BURIAL.
XI
rap
■'■■■■ ' •
^^ • SB \
1
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u
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1:300
MEYDUM. MASTABA No. 17. SECTION AND PLAN.
XII.
-//////////A Y//////,
v.
i
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V//////i
c.w.
1:100
MEYDUM. MASTABA No. 17. SECTION AND PLAN.
XIII.
r
F.P.
MEYDUM. PYRAMID E. FACE, TOMB MODELS.
XIV
MODEL OF GREAT TOMBS. WEST.
ENTRANCE TO GREAT TOMB. WEST.
1:200
MEYDUM. GREAT TOMBS WEST OF PYRAMID.
XV.
mm
\
i
TOMB B.
TOMB C
>:\////
MEYDUM. WESTERN TOMB FIELD AND PYRAMID.
XVI.
FAR WESTERN TOMBS
NEAR WESTERN TOMBS
m
D
l :4ooo
l.J
000 FAR WESTERN TOMBS l72 |7i |70
■ 64
|75
DlB
|T4 H«8 S62
■78
1 65 1 54 H69 Qsi
|61 1 82 S68
067
B80
■ 53 |80
mm 83
1 67 1 51 1 84
Bse
■ 58 |50
|73
8 65
CD50
B62
|'.'!
g RECESS IN SOUTH WALL
|| PENT ROOFED
Q WELL IN PAVEMENT
^ NO RECESS OR WELL £^
1:150
MEYDUM. FAR WEST TOMBS, TYPES A, B, C, E, F.
XVII.
1:150
MEYDUM. FAR WEST TOMBS, TYPES C. D.
XVIII.
PASSAGE 3HATT DC
MEYDUM. ALABASTER VASES, III DYNASTY, &c.
XIX
MEYDUM. NEFERT SCULPTURE, &c.
XX
SCULPTURES FROM CHAPEL OF NEFERT
1:50
MEYDUM. NORTHERN GRAVES.
XXII.
/ yy /' /'(*-*-*
y/yyyyy/
yyyy/yyy
s/sy//'','/'"////"//"'
'//'/'ys'"///"'
'. / / ' *
GRAVE 1 38.
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DEEP
V
NV~, ^^^^ , - . xN x x N. vN. -s X
X§ GRAVE 132 x\\^
J
N. ^s > ^ ^^
/
MEYDUM. BURIALS OF III DYNASTY.
XXIII
BOX BURIAL, E. SIDE OF MASTABA.
CLASS B. BURIAL IN SHAFT RECESS. GRAVE 104
MEYDUM. VASES OF ALABASTER, ETC. Ill DYNASTY
B.F.
1:6
MEYDUM. POTTERY, III DYNASTY.
s
-V
7
..>
8
9
10
N^-
^y
ii
<
_j
Quhrtzite Corn Grinder
SNEFERU FOUNDATION DEPOSIT.
16
18
1:6
MEYDUM. POTTERY, III DYNASTY.
1:6
MEYDUM. POTTERY XVII DYNASTY.
XXVII.
=^85 ,., _ 86 uj^?7 iM/O88 |--]S^=^N89 <-&r^=*90 I
MA00 I .Up=^0 '>fcsss=^a
i:)^93 ,., „ 94 ,:iA 95
'■'0 ©
I'.l
96 CI/fT^V 97
tin ^^
98
<", />100
i:^=^>106
r. P 102
101
103
104
105
107
108
TOMB 31
1.3
109
117
118
119
1120
mo / — 1111
n:
121
1:6
MEYDUM. POTTERY, XIX DYNASTY TO PTOLEMAIC.
i:i
129
130
131 i:i^*^ 132
gf «©» <©»
H/~ 133
(KB)
134
i:i
135
.:. ^-136
i;i
137
138
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
148
150
151
147
149
152
158 159
160
161
162
163
164
2.13
165
B.F.
MEMPHIS. PTAH TEMPLE, SCULPTURES.
XXIX
1:6 MEMPHIS. BRONZE DOOR CORNER, AND QUARTZITE SANCTUARY. XXVI DYN. XXXII.
MEMPHIS. LAMPS, METALWORK, SHRINES.
XXXIII
vfite
N.
>
«
^-^^^J
hi ■ ii tm<
: ■ ,«
I :
■•■
■
■2-
1:1
MEMPHIS. PALACE FOSSE. ARAMAIC LABELS.
XXXIV.
A
*Wp
V*a%n
«
A
*■«• » >~j* *>*^^***"»
-Wvy
WW
D3 n £ n
F.P.
3 : 2
MEMPHIS. PALACE, SEALINGS, PERSIAN AGE.
XXXV
2:1
MEMPHIS. PALACE, SEALINGS, PERSIAN AGE.
XXXVI.
MEMPHIS. METALWORK, FORT MODEL.
XXXVIII
i iMrcTrtwr MAnn nr PORT
MEMPHIS. ALTAR, STONE CUTTING, PLASTER, &C.
XXXIX
HARD STONE GRINDERS
FOR HOLLOWING ALABASTER VASES
PLASTER CAST OF HIPPOPOTAMUS HEAD.
SPOILED ALABASTER VASES
WOODEN HEAOREST, MEYDUM.
STELE OF RESHPU
1:6
MEMPHIS. BURNT HOUSES. POTTERY 50 A. D.
1 13
XLI.
HOUSE A , 50 A.D
BLACK
HOUSE B, 50 A.D
? 52
£ 53
56
5
UmtttiWWimmtiWMMv^m.mmmMmmmmwmvumM4[0
D
KMHia«gyBH3(l!j^g<OTgy^^
AT 51 DE OF STEPPED WALl>
OLD BROADWAY,
PALACE •
BELOW STEPPED WALL
2 : 3
MEMPHIS. TERRACOTTA HEADS, EGYPTIAN, SCYTHIAN, &.C.
XLII
2 : 3
MEMPHIS. TERRACOTTA HEADS OF GREEK PEOPLES.
&kl
XLIII
ohd
*m
its
IfsH
H3!
0^1
ifes
***$
*.
*
/-*
W^
IE3
■«>
kw
•V
2 i 3
MEMPHIS. TERRACOTTA HEADS OF GREEK PEOPLES.
XLIV
FEB
Flffil
H*W
_
'■^*fc* ^
"'♦'
«&]
i
_TpHMg
c^P ^
^ ^ii^
SiBI^^'*- 1
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"-\ ^»*!§S«§
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V ^
S3» ■
U^^^TBBB
«jjlral Sfe •% -J
4H^2^. «n
,
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^^
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mi
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7 V.~
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:69i
Vx
u<%
ma
>*,
#.
!
V.
•^
2 : 3
MEMPHIS. TERRACOTTA HEADS, UNKNOWN.
XLV
ilrft
m
^40^
4f p
|£Htt
- ft
*^P^
Eu2C ml
■ f>r -' ■
&& -'
WL& ^H
■-••** "x ■ 1
*^ /
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~~^^^^^
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Urfi
^^^^
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r^ ' «
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'
<§
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F'^SSS ^SK' ■ I
ta&^VL
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§*
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4Gi
UeJeJ
-
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>^ Kk
^V » » .:- . * ~"'^l
I ' , ■'■?**■ ■^f-M&\
W >|MI HI I i Ml
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.
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^^^^^j^^Aflf
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'.
■
\
Mm
ivfc]
kc
'^*ife
- ■
.•*^w&k
2 : 3
MEMPHIS. TERRACOTTA HEADS, UNKNOWN.
XLVI
SITES OF WORK OF THE EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT & FLINDERS PETRIE. XLVII.
YEAR.
PLACE.
VOLUMES.
1881-2
QIZEH, ABU ROW ASH
PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLES OF GIZEH
1884
TANIS
TANIS 1. AND II.
1885
NAUKRATIS
NAUKRATIS 1.
1886
NEBESHEH
TANIS II.
„
DAPHNAE
„
1887
ASWAN
SEASON IN EGYPT.
DAHSHUR
„
1888
BIAHMU
HAWARA. BIAHMU. AND ARSINOE.
„
ARSINOE
„
1888-9
HAWARA
1889-90
KAHUN
KAHUN. GUROB, AND HAWARA.
1889-90
QUROB
m
1890
EL LAHUN
EL LAHUN. KAHUN. AND GUROB.
1891
MEYDUM
MEOUM.
1892
TELL EL AMARNA
TELL EL AMARNA.
1894
KOPTOS
KOPTOS.
1896
BALLAS
BALLAS AND NAQADEH.
NAQADEH
„
1896
THEBES
SIX TEMPLES AT THEBES.
1896
RAMESSEUM
THE RAMESSEUM.
1897
DESHASHEH
DESHASHEH.
OXYRHYNKHOS
.
EL KAB
EL KAB.
1898
OENDEREH
OENDEREH.
1898-9
HIERAKONPOLIS
HIERAKONPOLIS 1, AND II.
1899
DIOSPOLIS
DIOSPOLIS PARVA.
1900
ABYDOS
ROYAL TOMBS 1., EL ARABAH.
1901
ROYAL TOMBS II.
1901
BEYT KHALLAF
MAHASNEH
MAHASNEH AND BET KHALLAF.
1902
ABYDOS TEMPLE
ABYDOS 1.
TEMPLE OF THE KINGS.
1903
_
ABYDOS II., THE OSIREtON.
1904
EHNASYA
BUTO
EHNASYA.
1904-5
SAQQAREH
SAQQARA MASTABAS 1 AND II.
1908
SERABIT AND MAGHAREH
RESEARCHES IN SINAI.
1906
TELL EL YEHUDIYEH
HYKSOS AND ISRAELITE CITIES.
-
GOSHEN
-
RAMSES
»
-
SHAGHANBEH
B
•
GHEYTA
„
1907
GIZEH
R1FEH
GIZEH AND RIFEH.
-
HAGARSEH
"
BALY2EH
ZARABY
1908
ATHRIBIS
ATHRIBIS.
■
MEMPHIS
MEMPHIS 1.
1909
QURNEH
QURNEH.
.
MEMPHIS
MEMPHIS II.
1910
MEYDUM
MEMPHIS
MEYDUM AND MEMPHI8.
Asuia-n.
WORKS BY W, M, FLINDERS PETRIE
THE PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLES OF GIZEH. (Out of print.)*
TANIS I. 19 Pi-, »5*. Quaritch.
TANIS II. Nebesheh and Defenneh. 64 pi., 2$s. Quaritch.
NAUKRATIS I. 45 P1-, 25*- Quaritch.
HIEROGLYPHIC PAPYRUS FROM TANIS. (Out of print.)
A SEASON IN EGYPT, 1887. 32 pi- (Out of print.)
RACIAL PORTRAITS. 190 photographs from Egyptian Monuments. (To be printed, 1911.)
HISTORICAL SCARABS. (Out of print.)
HAWARA, BIAHMU, AND ARSINOE. (Out of print.)
KAHUN, GUROB, AND HAWARA. (Out of print.)*
ILLAHUN, KAHUN, AND GUROB. 33 pi-, ^s. (Out of print.)*
TELL EL HESY (LACHISH). 10 pi., 10s. 64. Alexander Watt.
MEDUM. 36 pi. (Out of print.)
TEN YEARS' DIGGING IN EGYPT, 1881-1891. 6*. ■ R.T.S.
TELL EL AMARNA. (Out of print.)*
KOPTOS. 28 pi., 10*. Quaritch.
A STUDENT'S HISTORY OF EGYPT. Part I., down to the XVIth Dynasty. 5th ed. 1903. Part II.,
XVIIth and XVIIIth Dynasties. Part III., XlXth to XXXth Dynasties. 6s. each. Methuen.
TRANSLATIONS OF EGYPTIAN TALES. With illustrations by Tristram Ellis. 2 vols., $s. 64. Methuen.
DECORATIVE ART IN EGYPT. 3* 6d. Methuen.
NAQADA AND BALLAS. 86 pi., 2$s. Quaritch.
SIX TEMPLES AT THEBES. 26 pi., io*. Quaritch.
DESHASHEH. 37 pi-, 255. Quaritch.
RELIGION AND CONSCIENCE IN EGYPT, u. 64. Methuen.
SYRIA AND EGYPT. M. 64. Methuen.
DENDEREH. 38 pi., 25*. ; 40 additional plates, ioj-. Quaritch.
ROYAL TOMBS OF FIRST DYNASTY. 68 pi., 25*. Quaritch.
DIOSPOLIS PARVA. 48 pi. (Out of print.)*
ROYAL TOMBS OF EARLIEST DYNASTIES. 63 pi., 25*. ; 3S additional plates, i«& Quaritch.
ABYDOS. Part I. 81 pi., 25*. Quaritch.
ABYDOS. Part II. 64 pi., 25*. Quaritch.
METHODS AND AIMS IN ARCHAEOLOGY. 66 blocks, 6s. Macmillan.
EHNASYA. 25*. Quaritch.
ROMAN EHNASYA. 10*. Quaritch.
RESEARCHES IN SINAI. 186 illustrations and 4 plans, 2\s. John Murray.
MIGRATIONS. Huxley Lecture, 1906. n pi., 2s. 64. Anthropological Institute.
HYKSOS AND ISRAELITE CITIES. 40 pi., 25*. Quaritch. (With 48 extra plates, 45*., out of print.)
RELIGION OF ANCIENT EGYPT. is. Constable.
GIZEH AND RIFEH. 40 pi., 25*. ; with 69 extra plates, 50X. Quaritch.
ATHRIBIS. 43 pL, 25*. Quaritch. (Out of print.)
PERSONAL RELIGION IN EGYPT BEFORE CHRISTIANITY. 2s. 64. ; in leather, is. 64. Harper.
MEMPHIS. Part I. 54 pi., 25*. Quaritch.
QURNEH. 56 pi., 25-r. Quaritch. (Out of print.)
THE PALACE OF APRIES (MEMPHIS II). 35 pLt 25*. Quaritch.
ARTS AND CRAFTS IN ANCIENT EGYPT. 45 pi-, 5*. Foulis.
THE GROWTH OF THE GOSPELS. 2s. 64. Murray.
MEYDUM AND MEMPHIS (III). 47 pL, 25*. Quaritch.
EGYPT AND ISRAEL. 54 figs. (Ready in December.) S.P.C.K.
HISTORICAL STUDIES. About 30 pi., 25*. Quaritch. (Early in 19 n.)
Of works marked * a few copies can be had on application to the Author, University College, London.
BINDING SECT. MAY 2 7 1975
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